Leadership and Managment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Leadership and Managment - Assignment Example This paper approves that the manager sees the existence of the conflict but deliberately tries to avoid it. The manager tries to ignore the sentiments raised by the team members. In as far as the aspect of accommodating is concerned, it can be seen that the other party tries to appease others through placing their priorities on top of his. The other aspect is related to compromising where each party tries to give up something as a way of resolving the conflict. this stage deals with behaviour where it can be seen that the conflict becomes visible in the organisation. In this case, the behaviour of the team members has negatively changed since there is low morale in the organization after the encounter described above. Communication involves the exchange of information between parties involved in a certain conflict. In order to solve group conflicts, there are certain steps that can be taken by the leaders. There are three ways of solving inter-group conflict namely: peaceful coexiste nce, compromise and problem solving. This essay makes a conclusion that in an organisation, it can be noted that conflict is inevitable but it can be solved amicably depending on the leader’s capability and interpersonal skills towards finding ways of resolving conflicts. In the scenario described above, it has been noted that the leader is too authoritarian hence he could not listen to the views of the members of the team. This created the conflict described above. Therefore, it is recommended that the leader should implement the following measures in order to avoid a similar situation in the future.

Week 4 question 8 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Week 4 question 8 - Assignment Example On the other hand, an organization that focuses on cost minimisation like Wal-Mart should have a mechanistic structure. Through centralization of power and authority, it can be observed that the nature of business follows a particular routine and costs are minimised since there are few people involved in the decision making process that is vital for the operations of the organization as a whole. 2. Organizational culture refers to â€Å"a system of shared meaning held by the members that distinguishes the organization from the other organizations,† (Sanchez, 2014, p.4). In many ways, organizational culture is beneficial when it fosters innovation and risk taking. Organizational culture is also beneficial when the employees are innovative. More importantly, organizational culture is beneficial when it is people, organization and team oriented. Another sign that shows that organizational culture is beneficial is when it creates stability in the firm. However, organizational culture becomes a liability if it is resistant to change since it will be counterproductive. A culture that hinders diversity in the organization is also a liability. A diverse workforce is productive since the members can share their ideas and

Unethical Practices And Conflicts Of Interest In The Pharmaceutical Industry

Unethical Practices And Conflicts Of Interest In The Pharmaceutical Industry As Healthcare Reform develops and shape regulations within the healthcare industry, unethical practices and conflicts of interest in the pharmaceutical industry affirm the need for transparency and improved traditions. Conflict of interest from a legal standpoint is a conflict between the private interests and the official or professional responsibilities of a person in a position of trust. (Merriam-Websters Dictionary of Law, 2010) From a business perspective, conflict of interest is defined as a situation that has the potential to undermine the impartiality of a person because of the possibility of a clash between the persons self-interest and professional-interest or personal-interest. (BusinessDictionary.com) With the number of physicians operating private practices in the United States, the clinical drug trial kickbacks have become common practice and the ravenous patterns have been explicitly revealed. The frequency of such behaviors and exposure of financial gain are enough to further strengthen the necessity for health care reform. Each unscrupulous circumstance that is exposed brings about further insight to the widespread unethical conduct of the pharmaceutical industry. There is an abundance of scenarios and examples depicting behaviors as well as emergent methods to circumvent such conflicts of interest. Additionally, laws and processes are in place to further develop and establish parameters around acceptable and unacceptable practices for both pharmaceutical manufacturers and physicians alike. With the objective to deter, eliminate and expose conflicts of interest, various projects, acts and charitable trusts have been developed and comprised of committees of citizens, organizat ions, and donors who vigorously advocate patient safety through improved changes in the manufacturing and marketing of prescription drugs. So how does conflict of interest play a role in clinical drug trials? When discussing conflict of interest as it relates to clinical drug trials the scenario is usually one in which a researcher has a monetary rapport and research money, with the company that manufacturers the drug being studied. There is nothing fundamentally erroneous with these types of conflicts of interest, they are practically everywhere within drug trials because most of the trials are financed by the drug companies that produce the drugs being studied. In an article written by John H. Montgomery related to the examination of conflicts of interest, research was done by Dr. Roy H. Perlis on the outcome of drug trials and the relationship that the author or industry has to that outcome. Research shows that 397 trials were reviewed and of those, 162 random trials yielded positive results that were funded by the manufacturer of the drug being studied. These results give indication that conflict of interest is common and associated to the outcome of the trials. This is just one of many examples of how common conflicts of interest arise in the healthcare industry. Another study conducted looked at randomized controlled trials of NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) between 1987 and 1990 (Bodenheimer). This study found that relatively all of the trials in the three-year span were sponsored by the drug producer. The research also discovered that the drug being compared to the manufactured drug was equivalent in efficiency and in s ome cases was even better than the manufactured drug in every trial. The study also reported that the manufacturer-associated drug was safer than the comparison drug in 86% of the trials (Bodenheimer). Remember, these trials were funded by the drug companies sponsoring the trials. How can conflicts of interest be avoided? First, when a patient is registered in a drug trial, full disclosure of any financial relationships with the drug manufacturer should be given. This builds trust with the patient and also fulfills the patients right to know this information so they can make the decision as to whether or not they want to participate in the study. Second, disclosure statements should be offered to the participant and ought to be clear and simple; this will often entice the patient to ask questions. Finally, research planners should be sufficiently familiar with any conflicts of interest with the investigator or the institution so that patients questions can be answered appropriately and correctly. Disclosure may not always be what most patients are looking for but the aforementioned suggestions could help satisfy the patient and trust the research process. The investigator cannot be the only responsible party though patients must also do their homework before t hey participate in a clinical trial. The issue of whether or not conflict of interest is unacceptable when drug companies perform their own clinical drug trials is becoming an increasingly hot topic in the industry today. In an article written in BMJ magazine by Goldacre this topic is discussed. Goldacre talks about the NSAIDs study mentioned above and how impossible the results of that trial were. He notes that an organized evaluation found 30 studies that investigated whether or not industry support is connected with results that are beneficial for the sponsor. The result: studies sponsored by drug companies were more than four times as likely to have outcomes favoring the funder, compared with studies with other sponsors (Goldacre). How can this partiality be allowed to take place? Perhaps it is the way the trials are planned. For instance, in some studies the opponent drug is given at an insufficient amount which raises the side effects of the drug. This in turn makes the supporters drug look more appealing. Another known issue is that there is no standard for communicating results of drug trials. The industry has the ability to print whatever they would like to report. More often than not, the negative results from clinical drug trials remain unavailable. The most alarming concern about the clinical drug trial process is that data is not only used once, in some cases data was published within the results of 14 other trials. It is inevitable that issues like this will exist in the industry when there is no formal standard by which clinical drug trials must adhere to. Though there is no standard set the FDA has published guidelines that the industry must follow regarding financial disclosure in drug trials. The FDA Guidance for Industry on Financial Disclosure by Clinical Investigators requires that anyone submitting an application to market a drug, product or device disclose any financial relationship or compensation received by all investigators involved in the trial being set up. The FDA specifies requirements about what information is required to be reported and lists actions that the agency will take if these requirements are not followed. The FDA should not be the only one addressing conflicts of interest in clinical drug trials though. Physicians should be attentive when participating in the trials or when treating a patient that is currently or is eligible to participate in one. Physicians participating in drug trials or enlisting patients for trials should be aware of the following guidelines: Physicians should only consent to participate in trials that are within their range of capability and practice and they should be appropriately trained in performing research. Physicians should be knowledgeable of ethics and should only participate in trials that they are convinced have been evaluated by a review board, the participants in the study are not at risk of being harmed, and that government policies are followed during the course of the study. If a physician is treating patients that are enrolled in a study or are eligible to participate in a study, they will need to make sure the patient understands that they treat them under both pretenses but as both physician and investigator. Physicians should make certain that procedure include stipulations that will support the participants health care should difficulty arise as a result of the trial. The nature and source of funding and financial incentives offered to the investigators must be disclosed to a potential participant as part of the informed consent process (Managing Conflicts of Interest in the Conduct of Clinical Trials). The physician should make certain that there is no impediment in the publication of the results of the study by the sponsor of the trial. Conflict of interest is a growing concern in the health care industry today. The issues are reported on the news and in publications more and more frequently. Bringing attention to the matter and raising awareness will aid in the development and improvement of ethics in clinical drug trials. An example of one of the reformation objectives would be eliminating the behavior of a physician who treats a patient suffering from dementia and later bills Medicare; however, this same physician does not report the adverse impact on the patient, because the physician has been promised adequate compensation for evading details and touting benefits of the drug. The patient filed a malpractice suit against the physician. The attorney during discovery learned that the plaintiff was enrolled in a study and did not meet the criteria to be included in the study. It was also discovered that the medical assistant did not have any experience or training in coordinating studies and were paid a fee for each person enrolled. The study was not in compliance or conducted in conjunction with the FDA statutes and regulations. The IRB which once approved the Protocol and Informed Consent halted the study eight months earlier. An additional $5,000 per month was paid to the physician for consulting se rvices. These same payments were paid to the physician under the Clinical Trial Agreement creating a duplication of services. Medicare was billed by the physician as well for the same items and services which including the drug that for formally paid out by the sponsor in which the physician has previously been reimbursed. The Plaintiff signed the informed consent alone without any counseling even though the sponsor knew the subject was diagnosed as suffering from dementia. Dr. Joseph L. Biederman, professor of psychiatry at Harvard Medical School and the chief of pediatric psychopharmacology at Harvards Massachusetts General Hospital poses a prime situation of drug payments going to physicians. Children as young as two years old are now being diagnosed with having bipolar disorder thanks largely to Dr. Biederman. Many of the children were treated with combinations of powerful drugs known as cocktails that were never approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The FDA must approve any children below the age of ten for any purpose in a drug study trial. Physicians may legally use only drugs that have been previously approved for a particular purpose or diagnosis, for any other purpose there must be upheld published scientific evidence before administering drugs. That was not the case for Biederman. His studies advocated the drugs that treated childhood bipolar disorder and was summarized by an article in The New York Times. Biederman was paid $1. 6 million in consulting and speaking fees from 2000 and 2007 including drugs that he advocated for childhood bipolar disorder. Similar amounts were paid two of his colleagues. The president of the Massachusetts General Hospital and the chairman of its physician organization apologized and express sympathy to its beneficiaries after the conflicts of interest were revealed. Chair of Stanfords psychiatry department and president-elect of the American Psychiatric Association Dr. Alan F. Schatzberg is another example of drug payments to physicians. Schatzberg controlled and co-founded Corcept Therapeutics in which he owned more than $6 million worth of stock. The company tested the drug Mifepristone, otherwise known as RU-486 the abortion drug as well as the drug used for the treatment of psychotic depression. Schatzberg, principal investigator on a National Institute of Mental Health grant that included research coauthored three papers on the subject of mifepriston. Schatzberg was later replaced as principal investigator to avoid a conflict of interest of misunderstanding. The most shocking case of drug payments to physician is that of Dr. Charles B. Nemeroff. Nemeroff, chair of Emory Universitys department of psychiatry along with Schatzberg, both served as coeditors of the influential Textbook of Psychopharmacology. Nemeroff served as principal investigator of the National Institute of Mental Health grant that was worth $3.95 million over five years. Emory University received $1.35 million which was used as overhead to study several drugs administered by GlaxoSmithKline. Emory University had to comply with government regulators along with the university to disclose income received from GlaxoSmithKline. Emory had to report any payments over $10,000 per year per the National Institutes of Health. This was done to ensure and eliminate the conflict of interest. Emory University compared records with GlaxoSmithKline and Nemeroff failed to disclose approximately $500,000 of speaking and consulting fees promoting the companys drugs. Emory conducted its own investigation in June 2004 and multiple violations of policies were founded on behalf Nemeroff. Nemeroff responded by issuing a memorandum at Emory stating he has been in compliance however GlaxoSmithKline reported paying Nemeroff a salary of $171,031. Nemeroff reported only $9,999 to Emory. He under reported by one dollar in which $10,000 is the threshold for reporting per the National Institutes of  Health. As a result of Health Care Reform which was passed in 2010 and initiated by President Barack Obamas administration, the Pew Prescription Project is an initiative of the Pew Charitable Trust promoting consumer safety through health care reform in the approval of manufacturing and marketing of prescription drugs. These initiatives will encourage or force evidence-based prescribing. The Pew Prescription Project conducts nonpartisan research through rigorous federal oversight in relation to drug safety. The purpose is to better illuminate problems and potential solutions in the area of prescription drugs. The Pew Prescription Act current goal includes the passage of the Physicians Payments Sunshine Act and the Independence Drug Education and Outreach Act. This includes improvements to current federal laws and regulations while improving FDA oversights and drug manufacturing. The advancement of evidence-based prescribing practices and ensuring clinical safety of drugs for children is another goal. The Physician Payments Sunshine Act has been passed within the current health care reform legislation. The provisions require drug and device companies to publicly report any gifts and payments that are made to doctors. The information must be posted on their web sites and reported to the US Department of Human Services. Companies can be fined starting at $10,000 up to $100,000. Many of the provisions must be fully operational starting in 2013. The government believes patients deserve and have the right to know if their doctors are receiving money from drug companies. Congress has added much needed transparency to the financial relationships between the pharmaceutical industry and physicians.   The reporting requirements in the health care legislation will better protect patients and will help restore trust in our health care system. This new legislation will enhance the safety of consumers by increasing transparency while in no way restricting business or limiting innovation. (Jewett) Though pharmaceutical marketing strategies has taken a new enlightened turn in the world of advertising, previous tactics of physicians actually promoting through accompanying pharmaceutical sales representatives has resulted in essential stimulated scrutiny. Less face-to-face interaction between pharmaceutical sales representatives and physicians is underway to aid in eliminating the engagement as well as the hint of unethical proposals and initiatives. Rewarding physicians with branded-name gifts, meals, apparel, etc., did in fact strengthen the marketing concept and played a significant impact on the positive profitability of many pharmaceutical companies. However, the proof is in the patient. Other marketing techniques have included persuasive testimonials from respected physicians claiming to have realized improvements in their patients prognoses. Further marketing techniques consist of published promotional reporting from trusted colleagues where the tracking of physicians like s and dislikes are captured and substantiate biographical purchasing data. Prescribing under the influence is a term used as a result of the drug reps intoxicating the physicians, residents and interns with breakfast, lunch, pens, and other pharmaceutical logo branded apparel, etc. The general idea is for the pharmaceutical sales representatives to be granted another opportunity to educate physicians about the targeted drugs, which is part of substantiating marketing strategies. The pharmaceutical reps take advantage of the physicians empty stomachs with an offer of free lunch or breakfast and prey on their wandering eyes with the fancy pens, notebooks, calendars and other items that coerce physicians to agree to their objectives in increasing sales. However, when a physician is questioned about the effectiveness of this type of marketing they often respond, It doesnt influence me at all. Theyre not going to buy my soul with a laser pointer. (Morreim) Many studies support that this kind of advertising has proven vital to the steady increase in pharmaceutical sales. So, perhaps physicians need to reexamine just how much they are persuaded by the irresistible allure of free fresh baked cookies or the tiny thin tubes that hold inks that we all know as a pen. Often a doctor is not going to prescribe medication that they barely know anything about; its the responsibility of the drug representative to educate the physicians on the name of the drug and drug facts so that they can then feel comfortable prescribing it to their patients. Drug representatives have basically been buying physicians time with whatever little inexpensive knick knack and kick-back it may take to get the name of the drug into the physicians brain and onto his prescription pad. Whats even worse is that most physicians will not give the drug representatives the time of day without some type of bribe or induction that is surprisingly not considered a kickback (in ter ms of legalities). A letter in the Journal of American Medical Association attests to just how intoxicating the advertising of the drug reps can be. The story describes a patient who came into the emergency room for an insect bite. The patient was originally seen by an intern who wanted to prescribe an inexpensive antibiotic, however the decision to prescribe the inexpensive antibiotic was overruled due to the fact that another resident recommended prescribing an new antibiotic that cost $183 per day. This incident was investigated by the attending physician who supervised the house officers and found out that this particular intern had recently wined and dined the day before by a drug rep from the manufacturer of the new expensive antibiotic prescribed. This type of behavior validates the enormous impact that marketing has on gifts of persuasion. In a story posted in the New York Times magazine, titled Dr. Drug Rep. a well respected physician Dr. Joseph Carlat shares his experience in being solicited by Wyeth Pharmaceutical Company to be a spokesperson for their drug Effexor XR, which is used for treating depression. They made him an enticing offer, and told him that all he would have to do is speak with his fellow colleagues about the features and benefits of the drug. Wyeth would provide all the information and materials that he needed to educate the other physicians about the drug and in return Dr. Carlat would be paid $500 for a one-hour training session or $750 if he had to drive for an hour. Dr. Carlat thought this would be easy enough. He was reputable; he had a busy private psychiatry practice specializing in psychopharmacology. He was quite familiar with drug Effexor and had read different studies pertaining to its effectiveness. The drug Effexor was being promoted by Wyeth as a dual reuptake inhibitor meaning that it increased both serotonin and norepinephrine, another neurotransmitter. The theory promoted by Wyeth was that two neurotransmitters were better than one, and that Effexor was more powerful and effective than S.S.R.I.s. (Carlat) Because he had already prescribed Effexor to several patients and it seemed to work, Dr. Carlat did not feel like there was anything unethical about him talking to other doctors about the drug. Dr. Carlat subsequently attended a full, expense paid physicians conference in Boston. When he began socializing at the conference there were other physicians functioning as spokespersons for other drugs and pharmaceutical companies. One physician that stood out was Dr. Michael Thase, the researcher who single-handedly put Effexor on the map. Thase presented evidence from clinical trials of Effexor being more effective than any other antidepressant. He rebutted criticisms of him being a paid consultant of Wyeth quite convincingly which was important. He explained to the attendees that he had requested and received complete information, both advantagess and disadvantages of the research data and not just the advantages. This was a significant point, because companies sometimes withhold negative data from publication in medical journals. For example, in 2004, GlaxoSmithKline was sued by Eliot Spitzer, who was then the New York attorney general, for suppressing relevant data that hinted Paxil caused suicidal thoughts in children. The company settled the case and agreed to make clinical-trial results public. (Carlat) Was I swallowing the message whole? Certainly not. I knew that this was hardly impartial medical education, and that we were being fed a marketing line. But when you are treated like the anointed, wined and dined in Manhattan and placed among the leaders of the field, you inevitably put some of your critical faculties on hold. I was truly impressed with Effexors remission numbers, and like any physician, I was hopeful that something new and different had been introduced to my quiver of therapeutic options. At the end of the last lecture, we were all handed envelopes as we left the conference room. Inside were checks for $750. It was time to enjoy ourselves in the city. (Carlat) However, after a year of pharmaceutical detailing Dr. Carlat became disturbed concerning feedback that Effexor caused hypertensions in a small but significant percentage of patients. For that reason, amongst other ethical reasons, Carlat decided to sever ties with Wyeth. Looking back on the year he spent speaking for Wyeth, he asked himself, Did I contribute to faulty medical decision making? Did my advice lead doctors to make inappropriate drug choices, and did their patients suffer needlessly? He admitted that there was a huge financial incentive for physicians to partner with pharmaceutical companies. (Carlat) Although he still allows drug reps to visit his office because it helps him stay abreast of the growing trends, he keeps the visits short and does not accept their offers and invitations. Who says this type of marketing isnt effective? Do other physicians really think they are invincible from the powers of persuasion? How many doctors actually engage in this type of marketing for drug companies? What role do ethics play in the decision to speak or not to speak on behalf of the insurance company? The truth is that previously many physicians engaged in this type of pharmaceutical detailing. While the median physician salary of 140,000 annually may be representative of a good salary, the additional $30,000 in supplemental income is quite alluring. In addition, to the monetary earnings earning respect based on reputation is important among colleagues. At least 25% of U.S. doctors are still receiving drug money for lecturing to physicians or assisting drug companies in other ways. Many physicians engage in this type of career appendage and perhaps go in with the purest of intentions; nonetheless, ethics are being violated when the physicians are not relaying accurate and appropriate information about the new medications that they are pushing, and much of the information that they are giving is provided to them from the pharmaceutical companies. PhRMA, Pharmaceutical Research and Medical Practices of America are part of an ongoing effort to ensure that pharmaceutical marketing organizations practice with the highest ethical standards. In January 2009, the voluntary PhRMA Code on Interactions with Healthcare Professionals took effect and its focus was developed to keep representatives from drug companies and healthcare professionals centered on patient care. It is committed to making sure that drug representatives are provided with the most current, accurate, and reliable information to assist in their decision making on drug selection. Amongst its changes, prohibits distribution of no-educational items (Such as pens, mugs and other reminder objects typically adorned with a company or product logo). It prohibits company sales representatives from providing restaurant meals to healthcare professionals, but allows them to provide occasional meals in healthcare professionals offices in conjunction with informational presentation s. The Code also reaffirms and strengthens previous statements that companies should not provide any entertainment or recreational benefits to healthcare professionals. It includes new provisions that require companies to ensure that their representatives are sufficiently trained about applicable laws, regulations, and industry codes and practice. Companies are also asked to periodically access whether or not the representatives are abiding by the codes. (PhRMA) CEOs and Compliance Officers will have a process in place patterned after the Sarbanes Oxley compliance, other changes to the code reflects PhRMas support of transparency in relation to healthcare professionals. There is necessary education offered to interested parties regarding marketing techniques and physicians outlooks on pharmaceutical products, diagnoses and expected and proven outcomes. Since Pharmaceutical products must be marketed differently than other healtcare industry products for sale and there are distinct diversions for implementing successful marketing. The potential user or patient, must be granted a prescription from the prescribing physician. Proper use of the pharmaceutical is key which provides favorable or unfavorable outcomes. Within the public health sector, determinations on accessible drugs may very well be taken based on politics, which undoubtedly broadens the scope of advertising and marketing strategies in this field, replacing advertising by appealing via petitions through lobbyism. Various marketing schemes play into different levels of interests such as financial, scientific gain or even personal. Academic conferences and medical journals provide varying me diums for exposure. Ethical pharmaceutical trials developed arguments depends on knowledge, outcomes and concrete unbiased facts. This type of knowledge requires transparency, a level of transparency being sought after throughout the healthcare industry as a whole. The pharmaceutical industry requires skilled marketing experts to ensure that all aspects of reaching targeted audiences effectively are exceeded, not just met. Those regulations developed by the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America and nofreelunch.org, which are not law, were developed to promote transparency. A doctor as a pharmaceutical representative shares his personal story about lecturing on a particular drug. There are ethical guidelines developed specifically for the healthcare industry that includes the pharmaceutical industry. AdvaMeds Code of Ethics, in particular, is a model for appropriate ethical behaviors within the healthcare industry that outlines specific recommendations for the drug industry. AdvaMed addres ses parameters covering educational grants, modest meals and hospitality, faculty expenses, and advertisements. In presenting the issues of unethical behaviors, it is imperative to understand the prevalence based on historical and current behaviors in society and the ever-evolving methods developed to discourage physician kickbacks in the pharmaceutical industry. Though AdvaMeds Code of Ethics regulations do not mandate their guidelines be adhered to, health care organizations are strongly urged to utilize and enforce their codes can assist in eliminating and curtailing unethical behaviors that lead to lawsuits that actually develop in to Case Studies. As long as viable codes of ethics are followed, fear of transparency can be removed. Acceptably ethical behaviors will indeed help aid in the inevitable reformation efforts that this nation continues to experience.

Free Othello Essay: The Disobedient Wife -- Othello essays

An Outspoken Wife as the Penalty for Dishonesty in Othello In William Shakespeare's Othello, the loyalty of a woman to a man includes being silent and obedient. Emilia clearly follows these guidelines of silence and obedience until her epiphany in which she learns of Iago's dishonesty. Shakespeare implies that the penalty for a man’s dishonesty is an outspoken, disobedient wife. Emilia literally causes Iago's downfall, which is brought on due to Iago's overestimation of Emilia's loyalty. "'Tis proper I obey him, but not now" (5.2.203). Because Emilia remains loyal to Iago throughout the play, Iago relies totally on the belief that Emilia will remain obedient to him. Emilia proves her loyalty to Iago by stealing the handkerchief that Othello gave Desdemona: My wayward husband hath a hundred times Wooed me to steal it, but she so loves the token-- .... I'll have the work ta'en out, And give 't Iago ... I nothing but to please his fancy. (3.3.308-309, 312-313, 315) In taking the ch...

America vs. Drugs, Crime

The United States is a bureaucracy built by the people for the people. As a nation, we have established hundreds of organizations to deal with different problems and epidemics that may arise within our country. While every agency may have a different mission, they are all geared toward the betterment of American’s quality of life. Three of the biggest national problems our government faces are drugs, crime and immigration. Each one requires a different approach, strategy and the attention of local, state or federal level government.The war on drugs has been an arduous, long fought battle, that doesn’t necessarily have a way to be won. There are many agencies in place to combat drug peddlers, some of these include: the DEA (Drug Enforcement Agency) FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation) ATF (Bureau of Alcohol Tobacco Firearm and Explosives) and even the FDA (Federal Drug Administration). Annually, the United State spends over $51,000,000,000 on the war on drugs. Tax reven ue that drug legalization would yield annually, if currently-illegal drugs were taxed at rates comparable to those on alcohol and tobacco: $46.7 billion. D. Baum, author of â€Å"Smoke and Mirrors: War on Drugs and The Politics of the Failure† claims that after â€Å"4 decades of punitive policies, illicit drugs are more easily obtained, drug potencies are greater, and drug barons are richer than ever. † (1997) This war costs more than any other agency, and sometimes costs more than some agencies combined. While local government agencies try to fight with this war as best as they can, they do not have the resources or manpower to keep up with the costs of stopping said crimes.It is unfortunate because the drug war affects local business to the point that inflation, high insurance premiums, and less travelers become a factor and negatively impact the area. While Federal Agencies are better suited to deal with the Drug War, Local Agencies have been more efficient in comb atting general crime. Local Governments tend to understand their demographics more thoroughly, so they can make better use of their funds. Most, if not all, funding for law enforcement comes from grants or tax revenues.Effective crime prevention in high-violence, high-risk neighborhoods begins with the interdependence of local agencies. These agencies need the ability to invest in the neighborhoods to prevent crime rates from rising. The most effective place to start is with children and their education; NCPC (National Crime Prevention Council) is an organization that’s mission it is to educate students and prevent crime. Illegal Immigration is the third problem facing our nation.Like the above-mentioned epidemics, Immigration has federal agencies to prevent this. While there is no concrete solution to this problem, steps are being taken to fix the issue. Whether it is the e-verify program, or a fence to keep illegal aliens out, agencies are constantly trying to come with new solutions. The issue is so complex and difficult, that even the President is threatening to use an executive order to reform the U. S Immigration system. Also because of the complexity of this issue, Federal Agencies such as I. C.E (Immigration and Customs Enforcement) CBP (Customs Border Patrol) Department of Labor or Homeland security offer the best solutions. Local Government usually don’t have the personnel to deal with immigration, as would a Federal Agency such as I. C. E, who have trained agents who specialize in that line of duty, and when faced with danger, know exactly how to carry out orders. All in all, Federal Agencies are usually more inclined to deal with our nation’s problems. It is important to never consolidate the agencies, so that each department can provide the best quality of service.There will always be negative issues that jeopardize our freedom, but how we deal with them is what makes this nation so great. Bibliography Lawrence, S. , & Godfrey , D. (2004, March 2). PREVENTING CRIME: WHAT WORKS, WHAT DOESN'T, WHAT'S PROMISING1. . Retrieved June 29, 2014, from https://www. ncjrs. gov/works/wholedoc. htm Sterling, E. (2013, July 1). Eleven Ways the War on Drugs is Hurting Your Business. . Retrieved June 28, 2014, from http://www. cjpf. org/11ways Drug War Statisitc. (n. d. ). . Retrieved June 29, 2014, from http://www. drugpolicy. org/drug-war-statistics

Voluntary turnover

Chapter NO.1IntroductionBackground1.01 Employee turnover is a much-studied phenomenon. There is a huge literature on the causes of voluntary employee turnover dating back to the fiftiess. 1.02 Voluntary turnover is a major job for many organisations in many Asiatic states ( Barnett, 1995 ; Chang, 1996 ; Syrett, 1994 ) . Employee turnover is giving insomniac darks to human resource directors in many states in Asia ( Naresh Khatri ) . Organizations are passing tonss of money to cut down employee turnover. Employee turnover is besides one of the issues faced by many organisations in Pakistan.Aim of the Research Study1.03 The aim of the survey is to cognize the factors of employee turnover, why employee quit the occupations and leave the organisations and which factor influence the most while go forthing the organisation. 1.04 The aim of the survey is to cognize the factors, which influence the most in employee turnover in, name centre industry in Pakistan.Problem statement1.05 What are the factors of employee turnover in the organisations?Research Questionsa ) What are the grounds ; employees quit their occupations and leave the organisations? B ) What is the function of the factors ( options, purpose to discontinue, occupation satisfaction, organisational committedness, rewards and conditions, employee features, preparation and development and influence of colleagues ) in employee turnover? degree Celsius ) Which factors cause the most in the employee turnover? Rational Of the Study 1.06 The intent of the research survey â€Å"Factors of employee turnover† is to assist out the directors to calculate out the factors of employee turnover in the organisations. So that the directors easy can happen, why employee is go forthing the organisation? Harmonizing to the consequences they can do the programs to cut down the employee turnover in the organisations.Definitions of the Footings1.07 â€Å"Employee turnover is defined as, the ratio of figure of workers that had to be replaced in a given clip period to the mean figure of workers† .Chapter NO 2Literature Review2.1 Over clip there have been a figure of factors that appear to be systematically linked to turnover. An early reappraisal article of surveies on turnover by Mobley ( 1979 ) revealed that age, term of office, overall satisfaction, occupation content, purposes to stay on the occupation, and committedness were all negatively related to turnover ( i.e. the higher the variable, the lower the turnove r ) . In 1995, a meta-analysis of some 800-turnover surveies was conducted by Hom and Griffith, which was late updated ( Griffith, 2000 ) . Their analysis confirmed some well-established findings on the causes of turnover. These include: occupation satisfaction, organisational committedness, comparing of options and purpose to discontinue. 2.2 The top factor cited in most surveies is low compensation and unequal benefits. Lack of grasp and feeling that the employer values the employees ‘ parts besides ranks high on the list of grounds for employee turnover. Another lending factor to employee turnover is hapless direction. This includes such factors as hapless communicating from leading, deficiency of preparation, excessively much alteration, deficiency of resources necessary to make the occupation, deficiency of acknowledgment that an employee is dissatisfied with calling development chances, torment, take downing behaviour, and a deficiency of flexibleness toward employees. Lifestyle alterations, such as the transportation of a partner, birth of a kid, or the demand for a shorter commute will besides do employee turnover. ( Kathleen Goolsby ) 2.3 Some variables and factors are examined and discussed in more item below.Comparison of Options2.4 The comparing of options is a factor that plays a function in employee turnover. The relationship between options and turnover on an single degree has been researched widely since March & A ; Simon ‘s 1958 seminal work on easiness of motion. 2.5 Much of the subsequent research focused on the nexus between occupation satisfaction, perceived alternate chances and turnover. Subsequently, research workers began to concentrate on the function of both existent and sensed chances in explicating single turnover determinations. 2.6 Subsequent research has indicated that existent options are a better forecaster of single turnover than sensed chances. Research on the impact of unemployment rates as a placeholder for existent chances in employee turnover revealed that unemployment rates affected the job-satisfaction/turnover purpose relationship but non existent turnover ( Kirschenbaum & A ; Mano-Negrin, 1999 ) . They concluded that macro degree analysis predicted turnover forms but perceptual experiences of chances did non. This point was reinforced in their survey on medical centres in assorted locations used steps of perceived and nonsubjective chances in internal and external labour markets. The writers concluded that aims chances were a better set of accounts of existent turnover behaviour than either sensed internal or external labour market chances. 2.7 Nevertheless, while existent options appear to be a better forecaster of turnover, there is besides well-established grounds of the nexus between perceived options and existent turnover. In their most recent meta-analysis, Griffith ( 2000 ) confirmed that perceived options modestly predict turnover.Purposes to Discontinue2.8 Intension to discontinue is one of the factors that play a function in employee turnover. Mobley ( 1979 ) noted that the relationship between purposes and turnover is consistent and by and large stronger than the satisfaction-turnover relationship, although it still accounted for less than a one-fourth of the variableness in turnover. Much of the research on sensed chances has been found to be associated with purposes to go forth but non existent turnover ( Kirschenbaum & A ; Mano-Negrin, 1999 ) .Organizational Committedness2.9 Many surveies have reported a important association between organisational committedness and turnover purposes ( Lum, 1998 ) . Tang à ¢â‚¬Ëœs ( 2000 ) survey confirmed the nexus between committedness and existent turnover and Griffith ‘s ( 2000 ) analysis showed that organisational committedness was a better forecaster of turnover than overall occupation satisfaction. 2.10 Research workers have established that there are different types of organisational committedness. Allen & A ; Meyer ( 1990 ) investigated the nature of the nexus between turnover and the three constituents of attitudinal committedness: affectional committedness refers to employees ‘ emotional fond regard to, designation with and engagement in the organisation ; continuation committedness refers to commitment base on costs that employees associate with go forthing the organisation ; and normative committedness refers to employees ‘ feelings of duty to stay with the organisation. Simply, employees with strong affectional committedness stay with an organisation because they want, those with strong continuation committedness stay because they need to, and those with strong normative committedness stay because they feel they ought to. Allen and Meyer ‘s survey indicated that all three constituents of committedness were a negative index of turnover. In general, most research has found affectional committedness to be the most decisive variable linked to turnover.Job Satisfaction2.11 The relationship between satisfaction and turnover has been systematically found in many turnover surveies ( Lum, 1998 ) . Mobley 1979 indicated that overall occupation satisfaction is negatively linked to turnover but explained small of the variableness in turnover. Griffith ( 2000 ) found that overall occupation satisfaction modestly predicted turnover. In a recent New Zealand survey, Boxall ( 2003 ) found the chief ground by far for people go forthing their employer was for more interesting work elsewhere. It is by and large accepted that the consequence of occupation satisfaction on turnover is less than that of organisational committedness.Features of Employees2.12 Despite a wealth of research, there look to be few features that meaningfully predict turnover, the exclusions being age and term of office. Age is found to be negatively related to turnover ( i.e. th e older a individual, the less likely they are to go forth an organisation ) . However, age entirely explains small of the variableness in turnover and as age is linked to many other factors, entirely it contributes small to the apprehension of turnover behaviour. 2.13 Tenure is besides negatively related to turnover ( the longer a individual is with an organisation, the more likely they are to remain ) . Mangione in Mobley concluded that length of service is one of the best individual forecasters of turnover. ; Griffith besides found that age and term of office have a negative relationship to turnover. 2.14 There is small grounds of a individual ‘s sex being linked to turnover. Griffith ‘s 2000 meta-analysis re-examined assorted personal features that may be linked to turnover. They concluded that there were no differences between the quit rates of work forces and adult females. They besides cited grounds that gender moderates the age-turnover relationship ( i.e. adult females are more likely to stay in their occupation the older they get, than make work forces ) . They besides found no nexus between intelligence and turnover, and none between race and turnover.Wagess and Conditionss2.15 Wagess and conditions is one of the variables of the employee turnover. Mobley ( 1979 ) concluded that consequences from surveies on the function of wage in turnover were assorted but that frequently there was no relationship between wage and turnover. Other surveies found no important relationship. 2.16 On the other manus Campion ( 1991 ) cited in Tang suggests that the most of import ground for voluntary turnover is higher wages/career chance. Martin ( 2003 ) investigates the determiners of labour turnover utilizing establishment-level study informations for the UK. Martin indicated that there is an reverse relationship between comparative rewards and turnover ( i.e. constitutions with higher comparative wage had lower turnover ) .Pay and Performance2.17 Griffith ( 2000 ) noted wage and pay-related variables have a modest consequence on turnover. Their analysis besides included surveies that examined the relationship between wage, a individual ‘s public presentation and turnover. They concluded that when high performing artists are insufficiently rewarded, they leave. They cite findings from Milkovich and Newman ( 1999 ) that where corporate wages plans replace single inducements, their debut may take to higher turnover among high performing artists.Attitudes to Money2.1 8 For some persons pay will non be the exclusive standard when people decide to go on within an bing occupation. In the survey of mental wellness professionals, Tang ( 2000 ) examined the relationship between attitudes towards money, intrinsic occupation satisfaction and voluntary turnover. One of the chief findings of this survey is that voluntary turnover is high among employees who value money, irrespective of their intrinsic occupation satisfaction. However, those who do non value money extremely but who have besides have low intrinsic occupation satisfaction tended to hold the lowest existent turnover. Furthermore, employees with high intrinsic occupation satisfaction and who put a low value on money besides had significantly higher turnover than this 2nd group. The research workers besides found that puting a high value of money predicted existent turnover but that backdown knowledges ( i.e. believing about go forthing ) did non.Training and Career Development2.19 Martin ( 200 3 ) detected a complex relationship between turnover and preparation. He suggested that constitutions that enhance the accomplishments of bing workers have lower turnover rates. However, turnover is higher when workers are trained to be multi-skilled, which may connote that this type of preparation enhances the chances of workers to happen work elsewhere. The literature on the nexus between lower turnover and preparation has found that off-the-job preparation is associated with higher turnover presumptively because this type of developing imparts more general accomplishments ( Martin, 2003 ) .Consequence of Vocational Training2.20 In a survey analyzing the consequence of apprenticeships on male school departers in the UK, Booth and Satchel ( 1994 ) found that completed apprenticeships reduced voluntary job-to-job, voluntary job-to-unemployment and nonvoluntary occupation expiration rates. In contrast, uncomplete apprenticeships tended to increase the issue rate to these finishs rela tive to those who did non have any preparation. Winkelmann ( 1996 ) reported that in Germany apprenticeships and all other types of vocational preparation cut down labour mobility in malice of the fact that the German apprenticeship preparation is intended to supply general and therefore more movable preparation.Career Commitment2.21 Chang ( 1999 ) examined the relationship between calling committedness, organisational committedness and turnover purpose among Korean research workers and found that the function of calling committedness was stronger in foretelling turnover purposes. When persons are committed to the organisation they are less willing to go forth the company. This was found to be stronger for those extremely committed to their callings. The writer besides found that employees with low calling and organisational committedness had the highest turnover purposes because they did non care either about the company or their current callings. 2.22 Persons with high calling committedness and low organisational committedness besides tend to go forth because they do non believe that the organisation can fulfill their calling demands or ends. This is consistent with old research that high calling committers consider go forthing the company if development chances are non provided by the organisation. However, this group is non disposed to go forth and is likely to lend to the company if their organisational committedness is increased. Chang found that persons become affectively committed to the organisation when they perceive that the organisation is prosecuting internal publicity chances, supplying proper preparation and that supervisors do a good occupation in supplying information and advice about callings.Influence of Colleagues2.23 A 2002 survey by Kirshenbaum and Weisberg of 477 employees in 15 houses examined employees ‘ occupation finish picks as portion of the turnover procedure. One of their chief findings was that colleagues ‘ purposes have a major important impact on all finish options – the more positive the perceptual experience of their colleagues desire to go forth, the more employees themselves wanted to go forth.Chapter NO 3MethodResearch Procedure3.01 The research is a descriptive survey. A descriptive survey can be defined as, â€Å"A survey that focuses on a peculiar state of affairs or set of state of affairss, studies on of import facets observed, and efforts to find the interrelatednesss among them.† 3.02 The end of the descriptive research survey is to offer to researcher a profile or to depict relevant facets of the phenomena of involvement from an person, organisational, industry- oriented, or the other prospective. ( Uma Sekran ) 3.03 The intent of the research survey â€Å"Factors of employee turnover† is to assist out the directors to calculate out the factors of employee turnover in the organisations. So that the directors easy can happen, why employee is go forthing the organisation? Harmonizing to the consequences they can do the programs to cut down the employee turnover in the organisations. Sampling 3.04 The sample for the research is taken through the random sampling. The type of sampling is cluster trying. In this type of trying I have chosen 100 employees as a sample to make full out the questionnaire. These employees are from different sections and their places in the sections are besides different. The sample of the employees consists of top degree directors, in-between degree directors and non directors. Data CollectionSecondary Datas3.05 Secondary informations is collected from the diaries, newspapers, and publications and pervious research surveies. Most of the information is taken from the old research documents on employee turnover, which are available on the Internet libraries.Primary Data3.06 For the primary informations, I have designed a questionnaire harmonizing to factors described above in the literature reappraisal. The questionnaire is filled by 100 employees from different organisations. The employees are from top degree direction, middle flat direction and no managerial degree. Datas Analysis 3.07 Each inquiry is analyzed by utilizing informations tabular matter method ; tabular matter consists merely numbering the figure of instances that fall in to assorted classs.Tabulation Frequency Distribution3.08 Frequency distribution is method to reason the questionnaires, frequence distribution method merely reports the figure of responses that each inquiry received and is the simplest manner of discouraging the empirical distribution of the variable. A frequence distribution organizes informations in to categories or group of values and shows the figure of observations. 3.09 The presentation of tabular matter frequence distribution is done by column charts, saloon charts and pie charts etc.Chapter NO 4Consequences and DiscussionWhat is your gender?Table 1GenderFrequencyPercentageValid PercentageCumulative %Male75757575.00Female252525100.00Entire100100100Pie Chart 1 4.1 This tabular array shows that the sample of 100 questionnaires was distributed indiscriminately among male and female employees. In which we observed that 75 % were male pupils and 35 % were female employees.What is your age?Table 2AgeFrequencyPercentageValid PercentageCumulative %20-2424242424.0025-2931313155.0030-3421212176.0035-3913131389.0040-4466695.0045-Above555100.00100100 %100 %Pie Chart 2 4.2 The above tabular array shows that questionnaires were divided into six different age groups i.e. from 20-24, 25-29, 30-34, 35-39, 40-44 & amp ; 45-Above. Out of this 31 % employees were aged from 25-29. 24 % were aged from 20-24. 21 % were form 30-34. 13 % were from 35-39. 6 % from 40-44 % , & A ; 5 % from 45-above.What is your section?Table 3DepartmentFrequencyPercentageValid PercentageCumulative %Administration11111111.00Selling15151526.00Operationss77733.00Customer Servicess31313164.00Finance10101074.00Human Resource17171791.00Technical999100.00Entire100100100Pie Chart 3 4.3 The above tabular array shows that the questionnaire was divided in six different sections ‘ i.e. disposal, selling, operations, client services, human resource and proficient. Out of this 31 % employees are from client services, 17 % from human resource, 15 % from selling, 11 % disposal, 10 % from finance, and 9 % are from proficient sections.What is your place in the occupation?Table 4PositionFrequencyPercentageValid PercentageCumulative %Top direction14141414.00Middle direction21212135.00Supervisor34343469.00other313131100.00Entire100100100Pie Chart 4 4.4 This above tabular array shows that the questionnaire divided in the employees of top direction, in-between direction, supervisors, and other degree of employees. Out of this 34 % employees are from supervisory degree, 31 % are from other degrees, 21 % employees are from in-between degree direction, & A ; 14 % are from top direction.What is your monthly wage?Table 5SalaryFrequencyPercentageValid PercentageCumulative %Below 1500017171717.00Between 15001-2000027272744.00Between 20001-2500021212165.00Between 25001-3000015151580.00Between 30001-3500014141484.00Between 35001-above666100.00Entire100100100Pie Chart 5 4.5 This above tabular array shows that the questionnaire was divided to the employees in six different wages ranges i.e. Below 15000, between 5001-20000, between 20001-25000, between 25001-30000, between 30001-35000, & A ; between 35001-above. Out of this 27 % employees are acquiring the salary between 15001-20000,21 % acquiring the salary between 20001-25000, 17 % acquiring the salary below 15000,15 % are acquiring the salary between 25001-30000,14 % are acquiring the salary between 30001-35000, & A ; 6 % are acquiring the salary 35001-above.For how long do you work for the organisation?Table 6Time periodFrequencyPercentageValid PercentageCumulative %Less than 3 months5555.00Between 3-6 months27272732.00Between 6-12 months21212153.00Between 1-2 old ages15151568.00Between 2-4 old ages17171785.00More than 4 old ages151515100.00100100100Pie Chart 6 4.6 This above tabular array shows that the questionnaire divided in to employees are from six different classs i.e. less than 3 months, between 3-6 months, between 6-12 months, between 1-2 old ages, between 2-4 old ages, More than 4 old ages. Out of this, 21 % employees are working for between 6-12 months, 27 % are working for between 3-6 months, 17 % are working for between 2-4 old ages, 15 % are working for between 2-4 twelvemonth ‘s & A ; More than 4 old ages. 5 % are working for less than 3 months.Rate the following about your occupation satisfaction.My occupation means a batch more to me than merely money.Table 7FrequencyPercentageValid PercentageCumulative %Strongly Disagree26262626.00Disagree19191945.00Neither Agree nor Disagree77752.00Agree30303082.00Strongly Agree181818100.00Entire100100100Pie Chart 7 4.7 This above tabular array shows that 26 % employees are strongly disagree that their occupation means a batch to them than merely money. 30 % disagree, 7 % neither disagree nor agree, 30 % are agree, & A ; 18 % are strongly agree that their occupation means a batch to them than merely money.The major satisfaction in my life comes from my occupationTable 8FrequencyPercentageValid PercentageCumulative %Strongly Disagree24242424.00Disagree16161640.00Neither Agree nor Disagree99949.00Agree34343483.00Strongly Agree171717100.00Entire100100100Pie Chart 8 4.8 This above tabular array shows that 24 % employees are strongly disagree that the major satisfaction in their life comes from their occupations. 16 % disagree, 9 % neither agree nor disagree, 34 % are agree, & A ; 175 are strongly agree that the major satisfaction in their life comes from their occupationsI am truly interested in my work.Table 9FrequencyPercentageValid PercentageCumulative %Strongly Disagree37373737.00Disagree23232360.00Neither Agree nor Disagree00060.00Agree19191979.00Strongly Agree212121100.00Entire100100100Pie Chart 9 4.9 This above tabular array shows that 37 % employees are strongly disagree that they are interested in their work. 23 % employees disagree. 21 % employees agree, & A ; 19 % employees strongly agree that that they are interested in their work.How much satisfied are you with the calling development in the organisationI am committed with my calling instead than the organisation.Table 10FrequencyPercentageValid PercentageCumulative %Strongly Disagree19191919.00Disagree14141433.00Neither Agree nor Disagree37373770.00Agree17171787.00Strongly Agree131313100.00Entire100100100Pie Chart 10 4.10 This above tabular array shows that 19 % employees strongly disagree that they are committed with the calling more that the organisation. 14 % employees disagree, 37 % employees neither agree nor disagree, 17 % employees agree, & A ; 13 % employees strongly agree that they are committed with the calling more that the organisation.I have tonss of chances of calling development in the organisation.Table 11FrequencyPercentageValid PercentageCumulative %Strongly Disagree27272727.00Disagree21212148.00Neither Agree nor Disagree17171765.00Agree22222287.00Strongly Agree131313100.00Entire100100100Pie Chart 11 4.11 This above tabular array shows that 27 % employees strongly disagree that they have tonss of chances of calling development in the organisation. 21 % employees disagree, 17 % neither agree nor disagree, 22 % agree, & A ; 27 % strongly agree that that they have tonss of chances of calling development in the organisation.I am satisfied with calling development in the organisationTable 12FrequencyPercentageValid PercentageCumulative %Strongly Disagree27272727.00Disagree26262653.00Neither Agree nor Disagree77760.00Agree23232383.00Strongly Agree171717100.00Entire100100100Pie Chart 12 4.12 This above tabular array shows that 26 % employees strongly disagree that they are satisfied with calling development in the organisation. 17 % employees disagree, 7 % employees neither agree nor disagree, 23 % employees agree, & A ; 27 % employees strongly agree that they are satisfied with calling development in the organisation.Rate your committedness with the organisationI am committed with my organisationTable 13FrequencyPercentageValid PercentageCumulative %Strongly Disagree13131313.00Disagree10101023.00Neither Agree nor Disagree37373760.00Agree19191979.00Strongly Agree212121100.00Entire100100100Pie Chart 13 4.13 This above tabular array shows that 13 % employees strongly disagree that they are committed with their organisation. 10 % employees disagree, 37 % employees neither agree nor disagree, 19 % employees agree, & A ; 21 % employees are strongly agree that they are committed with their organisationI value my organisation more than my occupationTable 14FrequencyPercentageValid PercentageCumulative %Strongly Disagree16161616.00Disagree20202036.00Neither Agree nor Disagree13131349.00Agree30303079.00Strongly Agree212121100.00Entire100100100Pie Chart 14 4.14 This above tabular array shows that 16 % employees strongly disagree that they value their organisation more than their occupation. 20 % employees disagree, 13 % employees neither agree nor disagree, 30 % employees agree, & A ; 21 % employees strongly agree that they value their organisation more than their occupation.I value organisation more than rewards paid by the organisationTable 15FrequencyPercentageValid PercentageCumulative %Strongly Disagree10101010.00Disagree13131323.00Neither Agree nor Disagree35353558.00Agree25252583.00Strongly Agree171717100.00Entire100100100Pie Chart 15 4.15 This above tabular array shows that 10 % employees strongly disagree that they value the rewards paid by the organisation. 13 % employees disagree, 35 % employees neither agree nor disagree, 25 % employees agree, & A ; 17 % employees agree that they value the rewards paid by the organisationAre you paid harmonizing to your attempts in the organisation?Table 16FrequencyPercentageValid PercentageCumulative %More than your attempts42424242.00Equal to your attempts37373779.00Less than your attempts212121100.00Entire100100100Pie Chart 16 4.16 This above tabular array shows that 42 % employees are paid harmonizing to their attempts in the organisation. 37 % employees are paid equal to their attempts in the organisation, & A ; 21 % are paid less than their attempts in the organisationRate the rewards and benefits, given you by the organisation.I am paid harmonizing to my public presentation.Table 17FrequencyPercentageValid PercentageCumulative %Strongly Disagree20202020.00Disagree17171737.00Neither Agree nor Disagree77744.00Agree25252569.00Strongly Agree313131100.00Entire100100100Pie Chart 17 4.17 This above tabular array shows that 20 % employees strongly disagree that they are paid harmonizing to their public presentation. 17 % employees disagree, 7 % employees neither agree nor disagree, 25 % employees agree, & A ; 31 % employees strongly agree that they are paid harmonizing to their public presentation.I value money more than my occupation.Table 18FrequencyPercentageValid PercentageCumulative %Strongly Disagree29292929.00Disagree26262655.00Neither Agree nor Disagree66661.00Agree23232384.00Strongly Agree161616100.00Entire100100100Pie Chart 18 4.18 This above tabular array shows that 29 % employees strongly disagree that they value money more than their occupation. 26 % employees disagree, 65 neither agree nor disagree, 23 % agree, & A ; 16 % strongly agree that they value money more than their occupation.I am satisfied wit the benefits given by the organisationTable 19FrequencyPercentageValid PercentageCumulative %Strongly Disagree17171717.00Disagree21212138.00Neither Agree nor Disagree99947.00Agree23232370.00Strongly Agree303030100.00Entire100100100Pie Chart 19 4.19 This tabular array shows that 17 % employees strongly disagree that they are satisfied with the benefits given by the organisation. 21 % employees disagree, 9 % employees neither agree nor disagree, 23 % employees agree, & A ; 30 % employees strongly agree that they are satisfied with the benefits given by the organisation.Rate preparation and development in your organisationI am satisfied with the preparation given in the organisationTable 20FrequencyPercentageValid PercentageCumulative %Strongly Disagree25252525.00Disagree17171742.00Neither Agree nor Disagree00042.00Agree21212163.00Strongly Agree373737100.00Entire100100100Pie Chart 20 4.20 This above tabular array shows that 25 % employees strongly disagree that they are satisfied with preparation and development given in the organisation. 17 % employees disagree, 21 % employees agree, & A ; 37 % employees agree that they are satisfied with preparation and development given in the organisation.Training dramas of import function in my calling developmentTable 21FrequencyPercentageValid PercentageCumulative %Strongly Disagree23232323.00Disagree13131336.00Neither Agree nor Disagree66642.00Agree23232365.00Strongly Agree353535100.00Entire100100100Pie Chart 21 4.21 The above tabular array shows that 23 % employees strongly disagree that preparation and development dramas of import function in their calling development. 13 % employees disagree, 6 % neither agree nor disagree, 23 % employees agree, & A ; 355 employees strongly agree that preparation and development dramas of import function in their calling development.If you want to discontinue the occupation, which factor influences the most?Table 22FrequencyPercentageValid PercentageCumulative %Job satisfaction12121212.00Alternatives/Opportunities13131325.00Wages & A ; Benefits16161641.00Career Development26262667.00Organizational committedness10101077.00Training & A ; Development19191996.00Influence of coworkers444100.00Entire100100100Pie Chart 22 4.22 This above tabular array shows that 34 % employees want to discontinue the occupation because of occupation dissatisfaction. 13 % employees want to discontinue the occupation because of alternatives/opportunities, 16 % employees want to discontinue the occupation because of low rewards & A ; benefits, 26 % employees want to discontinue the occupation because they are non satisfied with calling development, 10 % employees want to discontinue the occupation because they are non committed with organisation, 19 % employees want to discontinue the occupation because they are non satisfied with preparation & A ; development, & A ; 4 % employees want to discontinue the occupation because of influence of coworkers.Chapter NO 5Decision and RecommendationsDecision5.01 The research based on â€Å"factors of employee turnover† , the research is conducted on call centre industry, for this a sample of 100 questionnaires was developed and divided indiscriminately into the employees to c ognize the factors of employee turnover. The respondents were from different age groups, different section, and from different occupation places. 5.02 The questionnaire was divided among the employees, in which 75 % employees were male and 25 % employees were female. Most of employees were the age of 20-34 about 74 % . These employees were from top direction, in-between direction, supervisory degree and others. Most of the employees were from supervisory degree or others i.e. 65 % . 5.03 The employees were asked about the occupation satisfaction, calling development, preparation and development, organisational committedness, rewards & A ; benefits and influence of coworkers. 5.04 Through this research it is concluded that the factor, which influences the most in employee turnover is career development. 26 % employees said that they want to discontinue the occupation because of calling development. 19 % employees quit the occupation because of fewer chances of preparation & A ; development. 16 % employees wanted to discontinue the occupation because of low rewards & A ; benefits. 13 % wanted to discontinue the occupations because they have

Understanding Specially Designed Instruction

Understanding Specially Designed Instruction The Specially Designed Instruction (SDI) section of the Individual Education Plan (IEP) is one of the most important parts of this important document. The special education teacher, along with the IEP team, determines what accommodations and modifications the student will be receiving. As a legal document, the IEP not only binds the special educator but the whole school population, as every member of the community must deal with this child. Extended test time, frequent bathroom breaks, whatever SDIs are written into the IEP must be provided by the principal, the librarian, the gym teacher, the lunchroom monitor, and the general education teacher, as well as the special education teacher. Failure to provide those accommodations and modifications can create serious legal jeopardy for the members of the school community who ignore them. What Are SDIs? SDIs fall into two categories: accommodations and modifications. Some people use the terms interchangeably, but legally they are not the same. Children with 504 plans will have accommodations but not modifications in their plans. Children with IEPs can have both. Accommodations are changes in the way in which the child is treated in order to best accommodate the childs physical, cognitive, or emotional challenges. They might include: Extended time for tests (the standard is one and a half times as long as allowed, but in most general education classrooms unlimited time is not uncommon)Frequent test breaksThe ability to move around the classroom (especially kids with ADHD)Bathroom breaks when neededSpecial seating (for example, in front of the class or separated from peers)A water bottle at the students desk (some medications create dry mouth) Modifications change the academic or curricular demands made of a child to better fit the childs ability. Modifications might include the following: Modified homework10 words or less on spelling testsScribing (the teacher or an aide writes the responses, as dictated by a child)Separate, modified tests in content areasAlternate forms of assessment, such as dictating, oral retelling, and portfolios Individual Education Plan Its good to have a conversation with other teachers as you are preparing the IEP, especially if you need to prepare that teacher to deal with Accommodations they are not going to like (such as bathroom breaks without requests). Some children have medications that make them need to urinate frequently. Once an IEP is signed, and the IEP meeting is over, be sure every teacher who sees the child gets a copy of the IEP. It is also important that you go over the Specially Designed Instructions and discuss how they are going to be carried out. This is one place a general educator can cause him or herself some serious grief with parents. This is also a place where that same teacher can earn the trust and support of those parents.

Bridge on the river kwai movie critique essays

Bridge on the river kwai movie critique essays The name of the movie I critiqued is called Bridge on the River Kwai. It was a film created in 1957, which won 7 academy awards in that year. This movie was directed by David Lean and produced by Sam Spiegel. The three main stars of this film are William Holden, Alec Guinness, and Jack Hawkins. I watched this movie by myself this past Saturday, June 5th in my house. This movie was one of the earlier colorized films, which was probably a reason why it won best picture and other related awards that year. This movie was based on World War 2 with the prisoners of war from Britain on the island of Kanchanaburi, Thailand. It was not based on a novel however. The plot of the story goes as follows. Colonel Nicholson and his allied POWs are taken captive by Colonel Saito of Japan who force the prisoners to do manual labor for them by building a bridge to connect a railroad from Bangkok to Rangoon. Nicholson refuses to do work at first and is locked up in a small box. The rest of the workers struggle to build the bridge at first, but they are disciplined in order to complete it by the 12th of May, which is the deadline for the Japanese Colonel. Some of the prisoners try to escape but are either murdered, die of starvation, or by the powers of Mother Nature. After a while Nicholson comes out of his cage and sees the bridge that was constructed and realizes what great work his soldiers have done. Meanwhile, three commandos of Britain have planned to blow up the bridge to show the hatred toward the Japanese. This event is the climax of the story where Colonel Nicholson dazed and unaware faints upon the detonator of the bridge where it explo des also taking a transport train as well. The climax was truly explosive. There were no real relations among characters to any of the real-life leaders of that war however the situation was real and there were people who probably displayed the characteristics of the soldiers, colonels o...

American Literacy in the Age of Information Essay Example for Free

American Literacy in the Age of Information Essay The age of information is demonstrated by the development of technology. The American culture has adopted and adapted to a new practice of transmitting and accepting information. Although the age of information presents an outlet for creative expression and exploration, American literacy is in a transitional period because technology is constantly changing and the unlimited amount of capabilities and influence that technology has upon education and communication are significant and since technology is still in the process of development it raises concerns about privacy acts and ethical issues. While this new era enables the opportunity to send and receive information so quickly and efficiently, the new digital age of information requires being educated and knowledgeable about information technology in order to achieve success. Information technology is a term that may be described in many ways but ultimately, information technology (IT) is considered a general term applied to all computer- based technologies of human communications (Information Technology, 2006). Literacy of this time may be simply defined as â€Å"basic competence in reading and writing† (Literacy, 2006). The World Wide Web offers opportunities of unlimited information that could be accessed from anywhere at any time as long as there is internet connection. The freedom to explore and express has two outcomes- to progress society or decline society. Technology has major influences in all trades of the world, but it starts with education. â€Å"Technological education can provide students with a wealth of information and knowledge, which they can then use in the future to pursue related career or simply as a subject of interest and intrigue† (Importance of Technology in Schools, 2009). Creativity and encouragement for young minds to explore all the possibilities produces more productive adults. The introduction of the internet is obviously a worldwide phenomenon. Although this phenomenon provides unlimited access to any genre of information, it may not be true. Educating students on how to productively search for information and how to evaluate credible material makes all of the difference. Furthermore, American literacy is in the process of transition that is constantly improving education and communication. Each individual has different learning capabilities separating themselves from others. The traditional ways of reading and writing with books and pens and paper are updated. It is now made much more convenient, just at a touch! The ability of modern technology provides education for students and adults with special needs that a regular education cannot meet. â€Å"Despite the lack of data showing that technology has a tremendous effect in the classroom; teachers have found that using technology may help address students’ specific learning needs. Charles MacArthur, a special education professor at the University of Delaware, explains that students who have learning disabilities, including dyslexia, typically need help with transcription processes to produce text, spell, and punctuate correctly. However, any students having trouble with writing fluency can benefit from teachers integrating technology into the classroom. And sometimes tried-and-true technology works the best† (Allen, 2008). Addressing students special needs are vital because it encourages and guides them to reach their full potential. The world of technology created an opportunity for special needs students to learn and communicate just as well as independent students. Have you ever wondered what the world would be like without communication? The basic method of communication such as telegraphy advanced to â€Å"snail mail† and it is now at the stage of texting and emailing. Technology is used as a tool in various approaches and may be beneficial or harmful. Finally, the freedom of the new age of information is limitless which raises concerns about privacy laws and ethical issues. With the good, comes the bad. It seems as though there is no way around it. As beneficial as technology is, issues of ethics and privacy concerns Americans who are violated of their personal information. The conveniences of being able to shop, pay bills, create and maintain online accounts online leaves vulnerability to identity thefts and fraud. A USA report suggest that although many Americans acknowledge the potential benefits of being able to interact with government online, similar proportions of the population express concerns about the privacy and security of their personal information submitted through government websites (The New E-Governement equation, 2003). Regulating the internet is going to be a battle. The freedom to explore quality in the truth is a personal right. Criminals and violators will constantly prey on their victims. The resolution lies within the future, but the solution starts with each individual protecting their own identity and prevents fraud and theft. The age of information provides an outlet to send and receive information quickly and efficiently. It is important for students to correctly learn how to utilize the web to enhance their creative expression and information technology comprehension. Education and knowledge is the most powerful took to use when conducting anything. Technology is only progressing and dominating the world. American literacy could not be described as more or less in today’s society but rather enhanced and evolved into normalcy. References: * Education Update:Leveraging Technology to Improve Literacy:Leveraging Technology to Improve Literacy. (2008). Membership, policy, and professional development for educators – ASCD. Retrieved 2012, from http://www.ascd.org/publications/newsletters/education- * Excellence in Government – Home | Online Registration by Cvent. (2003). Retrieved 2012, from http://www.excelgov.org/usermedia/images/uploads/PDFs/egovpoll2003.pdf * Importance of technology in schools | Centre for Education in Science & Technology. (2009).Centre for Education in Science & Technology. Retrieved 2012, from http://www.cest.org.uk/importance-of-technology-in-schools/ * literacy. (2006). In Collins Dictionary of Sociology.

Gender Inequality in the Workforce Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Gender Inequality in the Workforce - Essay Example This essay "Gender Inequality in the Workforce" outlines the gender stereotypes that may occur in the workplace and the reasons for it. Any preconception about a social group without any logical and reasonable evidence can be categorized as stereotypes. They also play a role in discrimination is work places. Both of these issues persist in work places today. This is mainly because of the diversity in the organizations. Today companies hire a diverse group of employees from different cultures and different genders. Because of this diversity issues like stereotypes and sexism come up regularly in organizations. Managers and employees working in the organization are also human beings and they also come from society. The influences on them cause them to think females as inferior. The idea that females are not equal to men is the root of discrimination in organizations. The mindset of the society is that women are not equal. There are specific roles which women are expected to perform in their lives and any change in those roles is not taken well by the society. Women working like men in offices are seen as changing their roles by the society. The manifestation of sexism and stereotype in organizations is in many forms. Firstly gender bias plays a role in recruitment. There are jobs that are considered more suitable for females and some jobs are considered more appropriate for males. Positions like typists and sectaries are suitable for women so these jobs are mostly given to women. This is a form of sexism and stereotyping. ... Before them they were considered unimportant to such an extent that their say in elections was not deemed important. Women are fighting with the same attitude even today in work places. The idea of female emancipation is not easy to digest for the society as a whole. Also people learn these attitudes at a very early age through social interactions. Managers and employees working in the organization are also human beings and they also come from society. The influences on them cause them to think females as inferior. The idea that females are not equal to men is the root of discrimination in organizations. The mindset of the society is that women are not equal. There are specific roles which women are expected to perform in their lives and any change in those roles is not taken well by the society. Women working like men in offices are seen as changing their roles by the society. The manifestation of sexism and stereotype in organizations is in many forms. Firstly gender bias plays a r ole in recruitment. There are jobs that are considered more suitable for females and some jobs are considered more appropriate for males. Positions like typists and sectaries are suitable for women so these jobs are mostly given to women. This is a form of sexism and stereotyping. Women are considered to have specific traits that suit these positions and that are why they are hired in these positions. There also other forms of sexism and stereotypes. Women face problem in acquiring top management positions in firms. This is because women are not seen as having authoritative nature. They are considered inferior to men and that is why they face discriminations in promotions. Another form of sexism is in daily activities of the company. In offices women face

Growth strategies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Growth strategies - Essay Example The product development strategy involves developing existing products or introducing new lines of products in order to increase the firm’s revenues. The market development strategy involves creating new markets for the company such as penetrating new geographical regions (Gaebler, 2010). Multinational corporations often utilize market development strategies. A diversification strategy makes sense when good opportunities can be found outside the present business (Kotler, 2003). Tenet Healthcare Corporation is a healthcare delivery system founded in 2003. It is one of the nation’s largest healthcare providers with 49 acute care hospitals in 11 states, 64 outpatient centers, 3.88 million outpatient visits (Tenethealth, 2009). The firm generated in 2009 over $9 billion in revenues. The company current has a presence in 22% of the United States region. The company recently made a strategic move to achieve growth. The growth strategy the company utilized was the market devel opment strategy. The company reached an agreement with Keystone Mercy Health Plan which covers Hahmemann University and St. Christopher Hospital for Children in Philadelphia (Tenethealth, 2011). I believe that the approach utilized by the company to achieve growth was the right decision. The firm was able to successfully penetrate the Philadelphia marketplace without investing resources.

WHY HAS PRISON EMERGED AS A PROMINENT FORM OF PUNISHMENT FOR MOST Essay

WHY HAS PRISON EMERGED AS A PROMINENT FORM OF PUNISHMENT FOR MOST CRIME AND WHAT ARE ITS FUNCTIONS IN RELATION TO WIDER SOCIETY - Essay Example In the last seven decades, a strong emphasis on rehabilitation, gave way to the focus of justice and fairness. In this case, sentences mainly reflect just deserts rather than utilitarian motive. There is also an emphasis on incarceration which reduces crime in the society. The crime control model has also become popular. Additionally, four major goals are emphasized in the modern prison and punishment sector which include retribution, incapacitation, deterrence, and rehabilitation. The three goals aim at protecting the general public (Smith, 2008, p. 6). Prisons are intended to serve four distinct functions: punishment, deterrence, ensuring public safety and security, and rehabilitation of a criminal offender (Flynn 1998). When a criminal is socially isolated and confined in prison, the intention is to remove this threat from society; a threat to the established social order in a region, thereby ensuring that his deviance can no longer disturb peaceful and compliant society members. Deterrence speaks to rehabilitation, changing an offender’s beliefs, values, perceptions and motivations to effectively restore his position in society and re-socialise him according to established societal norms related to morality and social harmony. The main goal of imprisonment is to give the offender adequate time to reflect on his criminal experiences and find, ultimately, repentance and remorse for these behaviours (Hanser 2012). The main function of prison is correction, ensuring that individuals who do not comply with established laws designed to uphold established social norms are punished according to their criminal deeds; hence through correction becoming more socially compliant. In essence, prisons serve as obedience education institutions. This has been the basic premise of utilising prisons to correct offenders throughout the modern era, suggesting that prisons could serve as centres of moral instruction to ensure that,

What are the preceptions of barriers of the nurse practitioner as the Thesis - 2

What are the preceptions of barriers of the nurse practitioner as the primary care provider in long term care facilities - Thesis Example The profession of registered nurse comprises the largest number of healthcare positions, and the field continues to be in high demand. This large number of individuals can often lead people to think they are so numerous, they are easily placed and replaced. Along with the large number of professionals in this field comes the incorrect implication that the training and duties are simplistic. This is of course, incorrect. The training to become a registered nurse is intense and difficult. The degrees required for this profession include a bachelor’s degree, an associate’s degree, and an acceptable nursing program degree. This training can take about four years for the bachelor’s, two or three years for an associate’s degree, and three years for the nursing program. In other words, it’s possible to spend more years in school to become a registered nurse than a doctor. Registered nurses, in a clinic or outpatient care setting, are responsible for organizing the numerous files for different patients. While this may sound dull, it is essential to the health of the patient and the efficiency of the office. Beyond the desk, the nurse can initiate the care of the patient by taking blood, accepting urine samples, and doing various other tasks that will allow the doctor to know where to start. The nurse may help read the results and aid in the diagnosis of the patient as well. A licensed practical nurse (LPN) differs from a registered nurse in the educational background of the nurse as well as the responsibilities employed by her. A brief overview of the job requisites include collecting bodily fluids from the patient, observing the patient, preparing the patient for injections before subsequently administering the injection, the insertion of catheters, and other means by which bodily fluids are obtained. In addition, licensed practical nurses help the patient in a variety of daily grooming

Overrated Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Overrated - Essay Example Does iPad really give you the value of your money? I don’t think so. It doesn’t really satisfy a need or necessity it only satisfies the hunger for looking rich! Aside from that, survey showed 10 reasons why you shouldn’t buy an iPad; (1) Minimal selection of external ports, (2) Bluetooth Headset Required to Make Calls, (3) iBookstore Only in the United States, (4) Can Only Download Software from the Applestore, (5) Battery Policy, (6) No Camera, (7) No Widescreen, (8) No Flash Support, (9) No Multitasking and (10) Not Sexy Enough. Indeed iPad is not useful enough and worthy enough for the money you will use to buy it, definitely poor in functionality. Better yet surrender your dreams and aspirations of having one because surely you won’t be able to maximize the usage of it. Plus, the fast-phased release of new technology will make your big bucks investment on iPad logging behind these new gadgets to come. Still want to buy an iPad? Think twice. Reference: Amy Swamson, â€Å"10 Reasons The Ipad is Overrated† April 6, 2010, Retrieved April 28, 2011 from http://computersight.com/hardware/peripherals/10-reasons-the-ipad-is-overrated/

WHY HAS PRISON EMERGED AS A PROMINENT FORM OF PUNISHMENT FOR MOST Essay

WHY HAS PRISON EMERGED AS A PROMINENT FORM OF PUNISHMENT FOR MOST CRIME AND WHAT ARE ITS FUNCTIONS IN RELATION TO WIDER SOCIETY - Essay Example In the last seven decades, a strong emphasis on rehabilitation, gave way to the focus of justice and fairness. In this case, sentences mainly reflect just deserts rather than utilitarian motive. There is also an emphasis on incarceration which reduces crime in the society. The crime control model has also become popular. Additionally, four major goals are emphasized in the modern prison and punishment sector which include retribution, incapacitation, deterrence, and rehabilitation. The three goals aim at protecting the general public (Smith, 2008, p. 6). Prisons are intended to serve four distinct functions: punishment, deterrence, ensuring public safety and security, and rehabilitation of a criminal offender (Flynn 1998). When a criminal is socially isolated and confined in prison, the intention is to remove this threat from society; a threat to the established social order in a region, thereby ensuring that his deviance can no longer disturb peaceful and compliant society members. Deterrence speaks to rehabilitation, changing an offender’s beliefs, values, perceptions and motivations to effectively restore his position in society and re-socialise him according to established societal norms related to morality and social harmony. The main goal of imprisonment is to give the offender adequate time to reflect on his criminal experiences and find, ultimately, repentance and remorse for these behaviours (Hanser 2012). The main function of prison is correction, ensuring that individuals who do not comply with established laws designed to uphold established social norms are punished according to their criminal deeds; hence through correction becoming more socially compliant. In essence, prisons serve as obedience education institutions. This has been the basic premise of utilising prisons to correct offenders throughout the modern era, suggesting that prisons could serve as centres of moral instruction to ensure that,

Overrated Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Overrated - Essay Example Does iPad really give you the value of your money? I don’t think so. It doesn’t really satisfy a need or necessity it only satisfies the hunger for looking rich! Aside from that, survey showed 10 reasons why you shouldn’t buy an iPad; (1) Minimal selection of external ports, (2) Bluetooth Headset Required to Make Calls, (3) iBookstore Only in the United States, (4) Can Only Download Software from the Applestore, (5) Battery Policy, (6) No Camera, (7) No Widescreen, (8) No Flash Support, (9) No Multitasking and (10) Not Sexy Enough. Indeed iPad is not useful enough and worthy enough for the money you will use to buy it, definitely poor in functionality. Better yet surrender your dreams and aspirations of having one because surely you won’t be able to maximize the usage of it. Plus, the fast-phased release of new technology will make your big bucks investment on iPad logging behind these new gadgets to come. Still want to buy an iPad? Think twice. Reference: Amy Swamson, â€Å"10 Reasons The Ipad is Overrated† April 6, 2010, Retrieved April 28, 2011 from http://computersight.com/hardware/peripherals/10-reasons-the-ipad-is-overrated/

Nonviolent video game Essay Example for Free

Nonviolent video game Essay Video games originated as a new form of relaxation back about 30 years ago, with the first ones being just basic ideas and basic goals. But as time has gone on they have grown into a far greater thing spanning to all walks of like. There are hundreds of ways to help alleviate the stress you experience every day, so Im going to focus on one that many of you may not have considered before: video games. If youre in a stressful situation that you cant avoid, its important to take a time out and give your mind a break so you can avoid the exhaustion stage of stress. Even if you take a 30 minute break, you can help re-boot your brain and return to your work more focused. Now the question is what do you do for 30 minutes? Play a video game of course! Any game you play will give your mind something to do so that youre not dwelling on your stressor while you take your break with the added satisfaction of doing something enjoyable. If youre not a gamer, dont worry! There are tons of games that you can get for free online or as apps for your phone that can help you relax after a tough day and blow off some steam. If youre already a gamer, you may never have thought about games as a means for stress relief. A study recently performed by a Texas AM International University professor suggests that even violent video games can reduce depression and hostile feelings in young adults. This study focused on violent games (such as Call of Duty) and young adults so the results obviously dont apply to everyone however anyone can find a game that will suit their wants and needs in order to see the benefits. Here are some tips for picking the right game for you: Tip 1: Consider your time/money budget. If you can only spare 30 minutes or price is a concern, then look for free apps on your phone or games on the internet. On your app-enabled phone, check out the games section and sort the games by price to see the available free games. Tip 2: If youre new to games, pick something that suits your other interests. For example, if you like to read fantasy books, try playing a fantasy game. If you often get angry when you are stressed, try a shooter game. Killing zombies and aliens is a great way to release some anger. Tip 3: Keep it simple, especially if you are already a gamer. If your favorite game also makes you want to throw your controller sometimes, then its probably not the best choice for a stress-relief activity. If you are new to games, pick something with simple controls such as mouse only games, or motion controlled games like on the Wii. Tip 4: Have fun! The whole point of using games as a stress reliever is to re-vitalize your brain and keep your stressor at bay, for a while anyways. Application: When you are stressed you can just start playing a game and get lost in it for hours This is a technique that can be used alone or with friends Conclusion : Everyone enjoyed playing Mario in class. It was a fun experience.

Development of Tourism in the the UK: 1945-1989

Development of Tourism in the the UK: 1945-1989 British Tourism Growth and Development:  1945 1989 Introduction The growth and development of British tourism industry has played an important role in the UK economy over the last century, contributing around 3.6% of GDP by 1999 (Research paper 00/66 2000). However, the most dramatic changes to the industry occurred during the period between the end of the Second World War and 1989. This paper studies six of the factors that influenced this situation during those years, ranging from the cultural and political to the technological. Key Growth and Development Factors Tourism, like most other industries is to a certain extent consumer driven. However, a number of other factors have influenced the change in tourist consumer demand and expectation, particularly within the forty-five year period being studied in this paper. From the consumer viewpoint, the foundation for the post WWII growth and development of British tourism began in 1939 with the introduction of the Holiday With Pay Act (Susan Barton 2000, p.135). Before then, the populace had neither the leisure time, nor the financial means to be take holidays or visit places of interest. However, it was only after the war that the British public were able to take advantage and fully utilise paid leisure time. As wages in those early years were still relatively low, initially consumer demands focused on cheap, localised holidays, such as self-catering and bed and breakfast (Susan Barton 2000, p.170). In the decade 1945 to 1955, the tourism mass-market growth was mainly concentrated on the â€Å"sun, sea and fun packages† and it was during this time that British coastal resorts began to enjoy economic growth. By 1955 tourism holiday demand was expanding rapidly (Middleton and Likorish 2005, p.6) as the standard two week holiday became commonplace. However, at the same time a number of other evolving factors were developing, which would lead to a continuous change in the character of the tourist consumer’s demands. Transport development was a key factor in the growth of British tourism. As public transport facilities, such as rail, coach and bus travel, grew, so the tourist was able to expand their holiday horizons, travelling further distances for holidays. In addition, it opened up the day travel market, bring additional revenue to popular resorts (Middleton and Likorish 2005, p.27). As consumer wealth and living standards improved, so did access to individual transport, such as cars, motorcycles and bicycles. The use of these allowed the tourist consumer to be more selective in their destinations, as they no longer needed to be close to railways stations and ports. This led to increasing tourism demands in inland areas of the country and gave birth to the start of the heritage type holiday venues, as numerous inland destinations sought to attract a share of this new phenomena (Susan Barton 2005, p.168). Transport development was also instrumental in the development of cross border holidaying, particularly within Europe (Middleton and Likorish 2005, p.27). During the 1960’s, this cross border demand, inbound and outbound, was met by the use of ferries, trains and car. However, it was still at that stage only affordable by a select segment of the population. It was the development of the cheap air package tour by entrepreneurs such as Vladimir Raitz that had the most influential impact on the growth and development of British cross border tourism (Bray and Raitz 2000). As increasingly numbers of UK tourists began to seek more exotic holiday destinations, particularly in Europe, the British tourist industry had to develop new strategies to not only offer attractive options to these travellers, but also to encourage inbound tourism from other countries. In effect, they had to sell the British tourism destination brand internationally. The advent of cinema, radio, television and other media had a significant impact upon tourist consumer demand in Britain, altering their lives and expectations (Middleton and Likorish 2005, p.16). This occurred in two distinct ways. Firstly, television programmes were opening up the world to the consumer. Whereas in the past, other countries portrayed in paper form seemed distant and unapproachable, these new medias were bringing them into the family home. Tourist began to demand to experience these places for themselves. The second aspect of the new media was its importance to the providers in the tourism industry. Marketers were given a completely new range of media tools, through which they could market and promote their destinations and holiday packages on a mass-market scale. In addition, they were able to developed segmentation strategies, enabling them to match the product with the target audience (Likorish and Jenkins 2006, p.161). This development not only led to the expansion of the package tour at home and abroad, it also fuelled and increased the demands of the more discerning holidaymaker in areas such as culture and history. It also resulted in an increase in the demand for activity holidays. As was seen at the commencement of this paper, politics played an important role in opening up the British Tourism industry with the introduction of the Holiday Pay Act. Throughout the period being studied, the political environment and influence has continued to impact upon the industry. In the 1950’s and 1960’s, the industrial unions political campaigning for better worker conditions, pay and leisure time fed the expansion of the mass tourism market (Susan Barton 2005, p.221) and to a lesser extent this continued through to 1989. The role the government has played in British tourism has also changed. As overseas travel and destinations continued to entice British tourists away from holidays within their own borders, successive UK governments, understanding the impact of this on the economy, began to develop strategies to assist the industry to promote the UK tourism brand, both at home and overseas. To this end it has set up NGO’s such as the British Tourist Authority (Research 00/66 2006) to act as a vehicle for arranging tourism trade shows internationally. The changing face of the political structure of Europe also affected British tourism, particularly after Britain joined the EU in 1973 and cross border relationships and regulations began to develop and border restriction began to ease. As European cooperation began to develop, it produced a growth of interest in tourism within the region, from which the British tourism industry benefited due to the increase of inbound tourists. In addition, the EU began to develop European-wide strategies for tourism (Likorish and Jenkins 2006, p.48). This included the provision of EU funding for the development of destination areas of special cultural and historic interest. Globalisation has been developing for centuries. However, the most significant growth period for the globalisation of commercial trade occurred between the end of the Second World War and the 1990’s. This has had two effects on British Tourism. Firstly, it has enabled the promotion of the destination to a much larger marketplace internationally (Berhoff, Harvie, Korte and Schneider 2002, p.124), giving it the opportunity to increase the numbers of inbound tourists. Secondly, it has opened the British tourist market to global corporations, such as hotel groups, travel operators and other organisation. RCI, the time-share experts, are a classic example of the influence that the global market has had, with offices in many countries (Middleton and Likorish 2005, p.124). Throughout the period 1945 to 1989, the one factor that has probably been most influential in the growth and development of British Tourism, and both driving and meeting the demands and expectation of the tourist consumer, is the advances in technology. Without this, most of the other factors would not have developed so rapidly. Advanced technology, by producing cost and price reductions, has brought more destinations into the affordable choice of consumers (Likorish and Jenkins 2006, p.216). Through its adaptability, technological developments have also enabled the British Tourism industry to provider a wider range of destination productions, which addresses the demands of both the mass market and individual tourist consumer requirements. Conclusion There is no doubt that although the British Tourism is there as a provider, its development has been partially consumer driven. However, none of the consumer demands could have been successfully met, or in some areas encouraged, were it not for the other factors studied in this paper. In my opinion, the most influential of these factors would be the technological and globalisation advances. References Barton, Susan (2005). Working-class Holidays and Popular Tourism 1840-1970. Manchester University Press. Manchester. UK. Berghoff, Hartmut., Harvie, Christopher., Korte, Barbara., and Schneider, Ralf (eds.) (2002). The Making of Modern Tourism: The Cultural History of the British Experience, 1600-2000. Palgrave MacMillan. UK. Bray, Roger and Raitz, Vladimir (2000) Flight to the Sun: The Story of the Holiday Revolution. Thomson Learning. UK. John Urry (2002). The Tourist Gaze. Sage Publications Inc. US Likorish, Leonard J. and Jenkins, Carol L. (2006) Introduction to Tourism. Elsevier Ltd. UK Middleton, Victor. T.C., and Likorish, Leonard J. (2005) British Tourism: The Remarkable Story of Growth. Butterworth-Heinemann. Oxford, UK. Research Paper 00/66 (2000). The Tourism Industry. Commons Library. Retrieved 29 January 2007 from http://www.parliament.uk/commons/lib/research/rp2000/rp00-066.pdf