title ix Essays (749 words) - Gender Equality,

Title IX was a major step forward for all of us. It was much more then just sports, it also was about women having equal rights when it came to our education. When faced with a essay about my personal beliefs, a lot comes to mind. In order to find a article that would be legitimate for this assignment, I thought long and hard. Title IX serves against discrimination of any kind, specifically with sex.?It the reason why women have the right to play sports in college and all around the world. I don?t see anything wrong with the amendment because I believe that women should have the right to participate in sport. I can understand if they weren?t permitted to do physical or strenuous activities such as football and wrestling because men or boys are better suited for these activities. In my article it talk about how male athletes on college campuses say they're losing out to women by the way Title IX is being enforced. Now on a college varsity teams, there are now five times as many women as there were in 1972. Man college sport are being cut because it cost to much. It hurt males who by nature enjoy sports more than women. How can you say it is a good thing when women have been offered scholarships for sports that don?t bring a lot of income to the table. I personally think that some sport should be cute if the don?t have a source of income. I think Title IX is being enforce the wrong way. For example, football is the number one source of income for the school. One must realize that this sport will help pay for many things in the athletic department, including other sports. But if there is a school that happens to have a women?s volleyball program that does bring money to the school. it is very easy to see why the volleyball program still exists just because of Title X. Logically, I believe school should dump a program that does not have a very good run and is not driving in a successful amount of income. if a program is not holding it own, they should be cut off.? Due to the law in place by Title IX, it makes it almost impossible to simply drop a sport of the opposite sex. I agree that women should have the right to participate in sport but Title X give them too much right. As stated earlier, when one sport, like football drives in a huge amount of income, this money does not solely stay in the football department.?This income gets filtered down to different sports within the university. To make a story short and simplified, a very popular and very successful sport is going to be funding an all-around less successful sport specifically because Title IX mandates that there be an equal opportunity for both genders when male sport provide the most income. Oregon has very successful track programs on both the men?s and women?s sides.? On any given year, there is a more than fair chance that both men?s and women?s track programs of Oregon will win the pack 10. I guess the point I am trying to make here is that Oregon has many successful sports. Al so Oregon has a football team that very successful. There is no doubt in my mind that football and track at Oregon probably funded a lot of the money. This is not right, in my opinion. If a sport is not pulling its own weight over a consistant and lengthy amount of time, it should be cut off.?It is not fair to the women?s or the men?s track program to have to pay for another sport that does not give anything in return. I think that it is important to give an equal opportunity to both sexes, but not at the expense of higher grossing sports.? It may be a good idea to cut some unyielding sports, either men or women, if the opportunity presented itself, in order to further move along a successful program. Money from an unsuccessful sport will be able to help a successful sport stay on top. I

Free Essays on Polarization In The Political System

Polarization in the Political System On Tuesday, November 14, 1995, in what has been perceived as the years biggest non-event, the federal government shut down all "non-essential" services due to what was, for all intents and purposes, a game of national "chicken" between the House Speaker and the President. And, at an estimated cost of 200 million dollars a day, this dubious battle of dueling egos did not come cheap (Bradsher, 1995, p.16). Why do politicians find it almost congenitally impossible to cooperate? What is it about politics and power that seem to always put them at odds with good government? Indeed, is an effective, well run government even possible given the current adversarial relationship between our two main political parties? It would seem that the exercise of power for its own sake, and a competitive situation in which one side must always oppose the other on any issue, is incompatible with the cooperation and compromise necessary for the government to function. As the United States becomes more extreme in its beliefs in general, group polarization and competition, which requires a mutual exclusivity of goal attainment, will lead to more "showdown" situations in which the goal of good government gives way to political posturing and power-mongering. In this paper I will analyze recent political behavior in terms of two factors: Group behavior with an emphasis on polarization, and competition. However, one should keep in mind that these two factors are interrelated. Group polarization tends to exacerbate inter-group competition by driving any two groups who initially disagree farther apart in their respective views. In turn, a competitive situation in which one side must lose in order for the other to win (and political situations are nearly always competitive), will codify the differences between groups - leading to further extremism by those seeking power wi... Free Essays on Polarization In The Political System Free Essays on Polarization In The Political System Polarization in the Political System On Tuesday, November 14, 1995, in what has been perceived as the years biggest non-event, the federal government shut down all "non-essential" services due to what was, for all intents and purposes, a game of national "chicken" between the House Speaker and the President. And, at an estimated cost of 200 million dollars a day, this dubious battle of dueling egos did not come cheap (Bradsher, 1995, p.16). Why do politicians find it almost congenitally impossible to cooperate? What is it about politics and power that seem to always put them at odds with good government? Indeed, is an effective, well run government even possible given the current adversarial relationship between our two main political parties? It would seem that the exercise of power for its own sake, and a competitive situation in which one side must always oppose the other on any issue, is incompatible with the cooperation and compromise necessary for the government to function. As the United States becomes more extreme in its beliefs in general, group polarization and competition, which requires a mutual exclusivity of goal attainment, will lead to more "showdown" situations in which the goal of good government gives way to political posturing and power-mongering. In this paper I will analyze recent political behavior in terms of two factors: Group behavior with an emphasis on polarization, and competition. However, one should keep in mind that these two factors are interrelated. Group polarization tends to exacerbate inter-group competition by driving any two groups who initially disagree farther apart in their respective views. In turn, a competitive situation in which one side must lose in order for the other to win (and political situations are nearly always competitive), will codify the differences between groups - leading to further extremism by those seeking power wi...

The Crimes of Nate Kibby

The Crimes of Nate Kibby On October 9, 2013, a 14-year-old student left Kennett High School in Conway, New Hampshire and started walking home by her usual route. She sent several text messages between 2:30 p.m. and 3 p.m. during her walk, but she never made it home. Nine months later, on Sunday, July 20, 2014, the state attorney general announced that the teen had been reunited with her family and that the family was asking for privacy. Additionally, authorities were tight-lipped about the case, giving no details whatsoever to the media. Kibby Faces Additional Charges July 29, 2015 - A New Hampshire man accused of kidnapping a 14-year-old girl and holding her captive for nine months has now been charged with threatening the lead prosecutor in the case. Nathaniel Kibby has been charged with improper influence, criminal threatening, and obstructing government administration. The charges stem from a phone call that he made from jail which was recorded. In the Carroll County House of Corrections phone call, Kibby made vulgar threats to harm Associate Attorney General Jane Young. Young was not the recipient of the phone call. The improper influence charge is a felony while the other two new charges are misdemeanors. Kibbys trial is scheduled to begin in March 2016. He faces 205 charges related to the kidnapping of a Conway high school student who he took to his Gorham home and forced her to remain there and in a storage shed using threats, a stun gun, zip ties, and a shock collar. Kibby Indicted on 205 Charges Dec. 17, 2014 - A man arrested for kidnapping a New Hampshire 14-year-old and holding her captive for nine months has been indicted on more than 200 charges related to the case. Nathaniel Kibby could spend the rest of his life in prison if convicted of the charges. Kibby was indicted on 205 charges that included kidnapping, sexual assault, robbery, criminal threatening, illegal use of a gun and illegal use of an electronic restraint device. When the grand jury indictment was released this week, more than 150 of the charges were redacted in an effort to not cause further harm to the teenaged victim, authorities said. Those charges are related to the sexual assault of the girl. According to the parts of the indictment that were not redacted, Kibby used a stun gun, a dog shock collar, zip ties and death threats to the girl, her family and her pets to maintain control over her during her nine months in captivity. While she was in captivity, Kibby would gag the teen, put a shirt over her head and face, and put a motorcycle helmet over that while she was zip-tied to a bed. He also used a fake surveillance camera to control her. He was also indicted for destroying evidence by disposing of many of the items that he used to control his victim. The victims family has asked that her name and photo no longer be used because it could hamper her recovery and authorities and some media outlets have complied with that request. However, the family sought extensive coverage of the case while the teen was missing, setting up a website publicizing the case. Even after Kibby was arrested, the family made statements through their attorney naming the victim; and the teenager herself appeared at Kibbys arraignment and was photographed in the courtroom, as we reported earlier. The About.com Crime Punishment website will not use the victims name and photo in coverage going forward. Numerous Acts of Unspeakable Violence Aug. 12, 2014 - An attorney for the New Hampshire teen who was abducted at age 14 and returned home nine months later said the girl suffered numerous acts of unspeakable violence during her captivity and now needs time and space to heal. Michael Coyne, attorney for Abby Hernandez and her mother posted the following statement on the Bring Abby Home website: On behalf of Abigail Hernandez and her mother, Zenya Hernandez, we want to thank the New Hampshire State Police, the FBI, the Conway Police Department, all of the many law enforcement agencies that were involved in this effort, the community of Conway, the people of New England and everyone that cared about Abby’s abduction and prayed for Abby’s safe return as well as the media’s efforts to bring attention to her kidnapping and assist with her miraculous survival. Abby needs and wants some time and space to physically and emotionally heal. It is going to be a long process in pursuit of justice for Abby and for Abby to get physically and emotionally stronger. We do not intend to have this case tried in the press. As the justice system moves forward, and the evidence is revealed, questions about this horrific event will be answered. Abby was violently abducted by a stranger. For many months, she suffered numerous acts of unspeakable violence. Through her faith, fortitude and resilience, she is alive today and home with her family. Abby simply asks that you respect her wishes and the justice process as this case moves forward. We trust that justice will be done. On behalf of Abby, we ask that you be sensitive to the well-being of this child and give her the time and space she needs - that any of us would desire for a member of our own family or loved one who suffered as she has. Few Investigation Details Released July 29, 2014 - With very little official information available, speculation ran wild that, because she was missing for nine months, the teen was pregnant, she went away to have the baby and then returned home to her family. That story was false. Some of the mystery surrounding the disappearance of Abby began to be revealed with the arrest of a 34-year-old Gorham, New Hampshire man in connection with the case. Nathaniel E. Kibby was arrested July 28, 2014, and charged with felony kidnapping. However, when he was arraigned Tuesday, July 29, 2014, in ​the  circuit court, prosecutors and law enforcement were still not releasing many details about the on-going investigation. Defense Attorney Seeks Information Kibbys attorney, public defender Jesse Friedman, asked the judge to force prosecutors to turn over the probable cause and search warrant affidavits so that he could know how to advise his client. Were in the position that essentially all that we have is a piece of paper, said Friedman about the police complaint. In order to adequately defend Nate, we need an opportunity to see that (other documents). More Charges Coming? The piece of paper in question is the one-sentence police complaint against Kibby which said he committed the crime of kidnapping and ​that  he knowingly confined A.H. with a purpose to commit an offense against her. The complaint did not specify what offense Kibby committed against Hernandez. I have no idea what offense they are alluding to because I dont have information other than whats on this piece of paper, said Friedman. Im not sure as a matter of constitutionally defending Nate, I can even explain to him what hes being charged with because I dont know. Search Warrants Issued Associate Attorney General Jane Young told the court that she had just received the defenses motion to unseal the affidavits and under court rules, she had 10 days to respond. Young told the judge that the investigation is on-going and information in those affidavits could hamper that investigation. Young said the search warrants in question were being carried out at the time and depending on what they found more search warrants may be requested. Shipping Container Searched? Photographs taken by reporters of Kibbys mobile home in Gorham showed police crime tape around a metal shipping container which appeared to be set up as a storage shed in Kibbys backyard. Authorities would not confirm that Abby had been confined inside that container. Judge Pamela Albee denied the defense motion and ordered the records sealed. She also set August 12 for a probable cause hearing in the case. She set Kibbys bail at $1 million and set conditions he would have to meet if he was able to post bond. Abby Faces Her Abductor Abby Hernandez attended Kibbys arraignment. The 15-year-old walked into the courtroom, followed by her mother, sister, and other supporters and sat in the front row behind the prosecutors table. Asked by reporters as she left the courtroom if she had anything to say, the teen told them firmly, No. Following the hearing, a press conference was conducted by state Attorney General Joseph Foster, Kieran Ramsey of the FBI, and Young. They gave few details of the investigation, but they praised the courage and strength of Abby and her family in helping with the investigation. Abbys Courage, Strength Hailed FBI Agent Ramsey said the community and the team of investigators were important in bringing about an arrest, but most of the credit goes to Abby. â€Å"Abby herself helped her safe return through her courage and resolve to come home,† Ramsey said. Family members said that Abby had lost weight and appeared malnourished when she returned home  July 20. She is working to build her strength back and we hope soon she will be back on solid foods, the family said. No Longer Weak Abby is very thin and weak. We continue to work towards getting her to eat, family friend Amanda Smith said in a statement. Abby has shown incredible courage through this. She is beyond grateful to be home and is just relaxing, resting, trying to get her health back. When she walked into the courtroom to face Nathaniel Kibby July 29, she looked anything but weak.

Major Topic in Juvenile Delinquency Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Major Topic in Juvenile Delinquency - Essay Example However, it can be said that the system has been fairy effective in controlling juvenile crimes and rehabilitating youths. The juvenile justice system comprises of formal and informal institutions, while the juvenile justice process consists of the procedures that are followed in processing juvenile cases. This paper discusses the history of juvenile justice, the juvenile justice system, which collaborates with the juvenile justice process to administer justice to juveniles, and the juvenile justice process. Keywords: Juvenile, Youth, Child, Justice, Juvenile Justice, Juvenile Justice System, Juvenile Justice Process Introduction Youth crime is a very serious problem to the society. Early youth crimes included runaways, loitering, bullying, and other minor offenses. This has however changed with youths turning violent and committing crimes as serious as assault, robbery, murder, rape, and drug trafficking. In recent years, youth crime has been on the rise affecting many nations world wide. In the United States, millions of juvenile arrests are conducted each year for crimes ranging from violence to minor crimes. According to Cole and Smith, â€Å"in a nation with 74 million people younger than age 18, about 1.6 million arrests of juveniles occur each year , 74,000 of which (just over 4.5 percent) are for violent crimes† (2010, p. 604). ... Institutions and procedures were thus established, in order to conduct justice for juveniles with focus on their welfare. The institutions and procedures established are referred to as the juvenile justice system and the juvenile justice process respectively. The juvenile justice process is therefore a philosophy that underlies the juvenile justice system. From this, it is clear that both institutions and procedures collaborate to administer juvenile justice, and no entity can exist on its own. Martin points out that â€Å"the juvenile justice system is composed of institutions that have been organized to manage established procedures as a way to achieve justice for all juveniles† (2005, p. 4). The institutions are divided into formal and informal organizations, and constitute of community-based programs and agencies, juvenile corrections, juvenile courts, and the police. The juvenile justice process on the other hand, â€Å"refers to distinct procedures established to assure the fair administration of youths under the law† (Martin, 2005, p. 4). These procedures have to conform to the institutions established to administer juvenile justice. The juvenile justice process in conducted in a friendly way, with the primary aims of identifying the youth’s problem and seeking a treatment plan to control and ultimately eliminate the problem. The juvenile justice process involves the police interface, intake and screening at the court, pretrial procedures, transfer to adult court, adjudication, disposition, and corrections (Cole & Smith, 2010). History of Juvenile Justice The issue of juvenile justice has been around for many

Cast study Case Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cast - Case Study Example Exports of agricultural produce constitute Brazil’s major revenue earner. Brazil’s manufacturing industry lacks competitiveness because there is no comparative advantage in the industrial sector. The cost of energy, raw materials and wages is high and the consequence is the escalation of the manufacturing costs. Brazil has failed in the quest to keep the industrial operating costs below those incurred in other countries. Therefore, the countries with lower operating costs are more competitive in manufacturing compared to Brazil. Brazil’s governments in the 20th and 21st centuries have been eagerly developing a world class manufacturing strategy. The government’s course of action is aimed at switching from the agricultural based economy to one that is industrial based. The government wanted to protect the local industries from international competition by imposing taxes on imports through the practice of protectionism. For Brazil to move its resources from the uncompetitive industrial sector to competitive industries, comparative advantage should be given prior consideration. The country should stick to developing agriculture and diversifying the use of agricultural products. For instance, sugar cane can be used to produce more ethanol whose demand is high. Sugar cane is primarily used to produce sugar but diversification will provide a platform for the production of ethanol. The global ethanol trade is lucrative and Brazil would have an upper hand in the international market as a result of its comparative advantage with regard to agriculture. For effective competitive advantage, the agricultural resources should be developed and harnessed into different industries to diversify products coupled with the expansion of the global market (Chaddad, 2014). President Rousseff’s policies limit Brazil’s dependence on foreign goods but they disregard the aspect of comparative advantage. The

Analysis of Thomas Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night

Analysis of Thomas Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night by Dylan Thomas Do not go gentle into that good night, Old age should burn and rave at close of day; Rage, rage against the dying of the light. Though wide men at their end know dark is right. Because their words had forked no lightning they Do not go gentle into that good night. Good men, the last wave by, crying how bright Their frail deeds might have danced in a green bay, Rage, rage against the dying of the light Wild men who caught and sang the sun in flight, And learn, too late, they grieved it on its way, Do not go gentle into that good night. Grave men, near death, who see the blinding sight Blind eyes could blaze like meteors and be gay, Rage, rage against the dying of the light. And you, my father, there on the sad height, Curse, bless, me now with your fierce tears, I pray. Do not go gentle into that good night. Rage, rage against the dying of the light. Dylan Marlais Thomas, a Welsh poet known for his creative, rhythmic and original using of words and imagery, is one of the greatest Welsh poets in the early 20th century. In one of his most famous poem Do not go gentle into that good night, the author classifies men into four different categories to persuade his dying father to realize that no matter the life choices, consequences, or personalities, there is a reason to live. It is possible that Thomas uses these categories to give his father no excuses, regardless of what he did in life. Through multiple unique figurative statements of death and different people, Dylan Thomas assert that one should not die silently or just quit the life easily. Instead, the elderly should fight for their life till the end. Thomas used exhaustive method to make his opinion persuasive to his father. To show the universal relevance of his theme, the author created four different perspectives in his poem. They are the wide men who know that the cores of their lives are not knowledge and intelligence, the good men who become conscious that their good deeds won’t define their identity, the wild men who feel regretful for their shallow youth when they reach the old age, and the grave men who are exemplified in the fifth stanza â€Å"Grave men, near death, who see with blinding sight/ Blind eyes could blaze like meteors and be gay.† Men who are at the end of their lives realize that their physical disabilities can’t stop them from remaining strong or pursuing joy. Though all four men lived unalike lives, at the end of their lives, they come to the same conclusions: they should not base their identities on their youth, and they can live a wholesome life in their old age. To make his father emulate those four types of men, Thomas uses unique metaphors to create a representation of all the men. Thomas begins by invoking the wise men who, Because their words had forked no lightening they/ Do not go gentle into that good night(4-5). The wise men Thomas speaks of refuse to resign to their fates as dead men because they have not yet accomplished what they set out to do. Thomass lightening is a representative metaphor of the goals set forth by the strong that serve as motivation to continue living robustly. By idolizing these wise men, Thomas implicates that he desires his father to emulate them; to press on toward anything that may at least give him some purpose besides waiting complacently for death to lower its scythe upon him. Thomass use of other men as examples of a desired state for his father is repeated through each stanza of the poem. In Thomass third stanza, he invokes the merits of Good men, the last wave by, crying how bright/Their frail deeds might have danced in a green bay(7-8). These good men strive endlessly to make their mark on the world, unsatisfied with their subjectively frail deeds until finally death catches up with them. These men rage against the dying of the light (9) because they have not yet met their goals, much like the wise men proceeding them. This passion for improvement and strength to persevere are exactly the qualities that Dylan Thomas begs his father to put forth, for Dylans own sake as much as his fathers. Other than for all men, the author also use metaphor for other objects in this poem. The use of the metaphor â€Å"that good night† (1, 6, 12, 18) gives the impression that Thomas knew that death was right. He calls it that good night instead of another ghastly term for death. However, he also calls it â€Å"the dying of the light,† (3, 9, 15, 19) which suggest a peaceful surrender. He urges his father to rage against a peaceful end and endeavor to resist his demise. Thomas uses the words night and light as metaphors for death and life and alternates them to hammer home his point. Part of this poem seems to be almost a light hearted when he declares â€Å"Old age should burn and rave at close of day,† (2) almost as if saying old people should be allowed to live long and complain as long as they do not give up. The purpose of his use of division into categories remains, however to emphasize the importance of living, leaving his father with an unmistakable argument †¦choose life. Finally, in the last stanza the intent is presented, Thomas is showing that all men no matter their experiences or situations fight for more time. He urges his father to do the same. â€Å"Curse, bless, me now with your fierce tears, I pray,† (17) describes his pain and passion that are causing him to beg his father not to die. Thomas is watching his father fade and is begging for his father no to give in. It appears that his father has either peacefully surrendered himself, or rather that he has resigned himself to his fate. Other than rhyme and metaphors, Dylan Thomas also use personification to make his statement more vivid and touching. For example, personification is used in line 8, â€Å"their frail deeds might have danced in a green bay.† Frail deeds are not human beings, so they cannot dance actually. However, the verb â€Å"dance† is so energetic that it makes a high contrast with the word â€Å"frail†. Through the using of the word â€Å"dance†, readers can feel the good men are fighting with their destiny to the last moment. Besides, the word â€Å"green† also brings a feeling of life and vitality. Generally, the personification here successfully shows the effort and the determination of the good men, which gives a wonderful model for Thomas’s father. In line 10, figurative language is used, â€Å"wild men who caught and sang the sun in flight.† Later in the poem, â€Å"fierce tears† (17) is an example of assonance. Lastly, the poet describes blind eyes by using a simile, â€Å"Blind eyes could blaze like meteors and be gay,† (4). The poem evokes intense emotions from the reader, by using repetition and a variety of poetic devices. â€Å"Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night† is merely words sculpted together in a specific way to stress how death needs to be repelled because it is unfair and takes the best with it first. Mastermind Dylan Thomas encountered a way to flash colorful images through readers’ minds, along with symbolism and metaphors which foreshadow what he really means. That, plus his way of intertwining the pieces together into nineteen lines with ten syllables each makes this villanelle a wonderful work to read and comprehend. Thomas’ purpose was to convince his dear father, the man whom he looked up to, to fight, because the effort meant everything. Reading this passionate and driving poem, â€Å"Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night,† will provoke excitement and meaning to seniors who seem to have lost all reason to live.

Critique of Sartre’s Concept of “Existence Precedes Essence” Essay

Existentialism evolved as an attempt to come up with an authentic response to the existential angst of modern man in search of his identity and place in existence. Perhaps the very first existentialist thinker and philosopher in history, Socrates, put fundamental stress on the enquiry of the question â€Å"Who am I? † On the other hand, the twentieth century philosopher with whom the movement of existentialism is most commonly associated with, Sartre, says that with man, existence precedes essence. That is to say, there is no essence as such which man can discover inside his being. He has to create it, as it were, from nothing, through his efforts and choices. This is the central tenet of Sartre’s brand of existentialism. In a way, it sounds very pessimistic, but at the same time, such an observation can lead us to realize the freedom of man’s being, inspiring us to attain greater meaning in our lives. Sartre’s stance seems to be very heroic, and his attitude can fill us with new energy to act and create. However, as we shall see, considered purely on a logical and philosophical basis, his theory rings completely hollow, indeed as hollow as the â€Å"nothingness† he talks about. In his essay â€Å"Existentialism as Humanism† Sartre most eloquently sets out to clarify what exactly is meant by existentialism in the proper sense of the word. This he does with amazing simplicity, putting the essence of the philosophical system of which he is one of foremost proponents just in three words: existence precedes essence. If God does not exist, there is at least one being in whom existence precedes essence, a being who exists before he can be defined by any concept, and that this being is man, or, as Heidegger says, human reality. (p. 349) Sartre proceeds to explain us the meaning of these two concepts essence and existence and the two view points based on them, namely â€Å"essence precedes existence† and â€Å"existence precedes essence,† in a very lucid style. Sartre gives the example of a simple object, a paper cutter, to illustrate how in the case of this object essence precedes existence, and how it is the other way around in humans. To enter into a â€Å"conversation† with Sartre, however, I would like to provide the example of a simple machine here, a typewriter, to illustrate the same point. Like a paper cutter, a typewriter too is mass-produced, according to a predetermined model. Therefore, a typewriter is clearly an instance of essence preceding existence. Now let us take a very high power computer. This computer is as much mass-produced and made according to a preexisting model as a simple typewriter, here too essence precedes existence. However, whereas a typewriter can do only one thing in a fairly rigid manner, a computer can do a million things in an absolutely flexible style. A typewriter is like an animal, a one-dimensional creature. A powerful computer, on the other hand, is more like a human being, a multidimensional entity. An existentialist like Sartre could easily make a claim that in the case of typewriter, essence precedes existence, and in the case of the computer, existence precedes essence. But this is patently wrong. A computer is also made on a pre-existing model, as much as a typewriter is. The existence of a computer is also based on the premise of essence preceding existence as much as that of any manufactured object. Only, the specific nature of tasks it is going to perform depends on the software loaded unto it, and other ways it is programmed. The computer cannot just do absolutely anything, it has its limitations. Human beings too have their limitations, but within these limitations they have an immense choice and freedom to determine what they are going to do and what they are going to be. The statement that â€Å"Man is nothing but what he makes of himself† may sound very good in pep talk, campaign speech or inspirational poetry. But it could be plain absurd, when we consider its philosophical implications. Man has a given â€Å"nature† – his freedom, limitations and identity are defined by it. For instance, what can man think, achieve, or create without the enormous intelligence endowed to him. Man is intelligent, by nature – there is nothing man has done about it. He can further sharpen his intelligence and use it to the best of his ability, or stop using it and become stupid — only this much freedom and scope exists with man. Simply because such scope and freedom exists, one cannot claim that in human beings existence precedes essence. Existence preceding essence would imply that humans are nothing by themselves, that whatever they want to make of themselves they have to strive to become that. Sartre and other existentialists seem to be completely unfamiliar with any basic concepts of psychology. In fact if existentialism were true, there cannot exist any subject called human psychology. Because, according to Sartre, there is nothing like pre-existing human nature. Thus, there is no human nature, because there is no God to have a conception of it. Man simply is. Not that he is simply what he conceives himself to be, but he is what he wills and as he conceives himself after already existing – as he wills to be after that leap towards existence. Man is nothing else but that which he makes himself. That is the first principle of existentialism. And this is what people call its â€Å"subjectivity† using the word as a reproach against us. (p. 349) The assertion that â€Å"Man simply is† is simply delusional. I would not call this viewpoint by the term ‘subjectivity’, whatever it means. I would call it plain nonsense. If there is no human nature, then what are all psychologists studying and exploring? In fact, by the time of Sartre, there already was a William James, a Freud, and a Jung – not to speak of Pavlov, Watson and other behaviorists who equate man to an animal; the study of human psychology was very much diversified and in a rather mature stage. Yet, here comes Sartre and declares that man is free, that he can make absolutely anything out of himself just as he wills – almost magically, as it were!